Introduction. Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and death worldwide. According to World Health Organization, the global epidemiological situation of tuberculosis continues to remain tense, despite a recent downward trend in morbidity and mortality. Considering current situation, the ongoing studies of transmission dynamics of tuberculosis remain relevant.
Aim. To identify and analyze all tuberculosis transmission models that utilized System Dynamics, and to understand their modeling assumptions.
Search strategy. We searched the following electronic bibliographic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, e-Library for studies published in Kazakh, Russian, English from 1 January 2010 to present days. Search depth - 10 years. Inclusion criteria: the full texts of articles, studies that utilized System Dynamics. Exclusion criteria: duplicates, systematic reviews, paid publications. The full text of 312 records were assessed for eligibility, and 52 studies met the inclusion criteria.
Results. The analysis of literature has established that nowadays most studies on the development of system dynamic models are aimed at predicting the epidemiological situation using local data. In addition, a small number of studies have been conducted with the inclusion of comorbidities such as HIV infection, diabetes mellitus. The results also showed that there is no work with a combination of several risk factors within the same model, which would create a more realistic projection of the course of the TB epidemic process.
Conclusion. Based on the analysis of literature it can be concluded that System Dynamics has high functionality allowing not only to predict the epidemiological situation of TB and assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies, but also to assess the impact of a number of risk factors on the course of epidemic process of TB.

The literature review provides an assessment of gestational diabetes genetic mechanisms. Predisposition to gestational diabetes is identified as a combination of functionally unfavorable alleles of different gene groups, for which polymorphisms have been established. The analysis of gene polymorphism would serve for well-timed identification of women with an increased risk of gestational diabetes and the development of prevention and treatment measures.

The article presents data showing the contribution of the main factors contributing to the spread of geohelminth in the habitat of the inhabitants of Karaganda, which include roundworm. In view of the danger to the health of the population in one of the largest cities of the Republic, the data on contamination with roundworm eggs of the districts of the city of Karaganda are given. The potential danger of infection of the population with ascariasis was assessed.

This article is an empirical study of identifying the number of students subject to burnout; the causes of emotional burnout; methods and ways to get out of this state; the emergence of bad habits and the level of awareness of students about the problems of emotional burnout through questionnaires.

The article presents the results of a survey of students from various universities in Karaganda. The analysis of taste preferences among the respondents was carried out. High preferences in relation to sweet food, meat and fruits are revealed. Shown a greater severity of preference for girls to sweets, and for boys to meat and meat products. Revealed “unhealthy” eating habits of respondents in the form of adding salt to food and excessive consumption of sugar. A negative attitude of respondents to fish and milk was found.

Today, the prevalence of obesity is growing at an alarming rate in many countries of the world. The problem of obesity among adolescent children in the Republic of Kazakhstan has a social character, the number of overweight and obese children and adolescents is increasing. The aim of the work was to study the main aspects of the professional activity of nursing staff in the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents. The object of the study were schoolchildren and their parents. To collect data, a sociological survey was conducted among schoolchildren and parents to study the role of a nurse in the prevention of obesity. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed the need to increase the level of knowledge of parents in matters of proper nutrition and the diversity of the diet of their children and to increase the participation of the school nurse in this issue and her active participation in the preventive work of the school. The nursing staff, within the framework of their competencies, has a fundamental sanitary and educational role in raising the level of knowledge of the child and adolescent population in matters of a healthy lifestyle and nutrition.

In this study, a comparative analysis of changes in the population’s adherence to the vaccination of infectious diseases in children for 2019-2021 was carried out. The study was conducted in Railway Hospital of Karaganda.
To solve the problems of the study, the vaccination cards of children for 2019-2021 were considered, the documentation, the work of the vaccination office, magazines on vaccination work, the KMIS medical program, namely the sections that relate to vaccination, were taken separately 5 vaccines and reviewed by years, it was considered how commitment changed for 2019-2021.
When conducting a comparative analysis of changes in the population’s adherence to the vaccine prevention of infectious diseases in children for 2019-2021, it was revealed that the attitude towards vaccines has changed towards greater adherence: Hexaxim, CPC, Boostrix.
In the direction of reducing immunoprophylaxis, the following vaccines are brought to the fore: Pentaxim.

Severe vitamin D deficiency (decreased concentration of 25 (OH) D in serum) in infants and children can cause signs of Fanconi syndrome, including phosphaturia, glucosuria, aminoaciduria and renal tubule acidosis. This indicates that vitamin D and its metabolites affect the function of the proximal tubules.
Objective: to substantiate the role of vitamin D in the progression and prognosis of CKD in children.
Results of this study demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency is common in children with CKD. Determination of vitamin D levels in children with CKD is important for timely correction and prevention of further progression of CKD. Timely replacement therapy will improve the quality of life of a child with CKD and prevent the development of complications.

The article examines the role of nursing care in the antiretroviral treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus, since highly active antiretroviral treatment can only restrain the progression of infection, although it is not able to treat patients.

The article presents the results of a study on the development of the composition and technology of a soft gel dosage form using cocklebur extract, essential oil of Scots pine and the substance chondroitin sulfate as pharmacologically active ingredients. The selection of excipients was carried out, the optimal composition of the gel was determined on the basis of biological and rheological studies. The indicators of control and critical points of the technological process are determined and a technological scheme for the production of a gel for external use is developed.

The purpose of our work was to study the antiradical and antioxidant activity of ultrasonic extracts of tuberous zopnik (Phlómis tuberosa L), growing on the territory of the Karaganda region. The aqueous extract of Phlómis tuberosa obtained under ultrasonic cavitation has pronounced antiradical activity, all other samples showed low antiradical and antioxidant activity. The sum of extractive substances of the aqueous ultrasonic extract of the Phlómis tuberosa plant emphasizes its therapeutic significance and allows using this extract in the future to create medicines based on it.

Aim: To identify modern problems of pharmacotherapy of elderly and later life patients at the PHC level in Kazakhstan using the STOPP / START criteria.
Methods: A prospective descriptive study was carried out at the primary care level, in 5 clinics in Kazakhstan. The study involved 205 patients over 65 years old who received regular outpatient treatment for chronic diseases. Patients’ current diagnoses and prescription medicines were reviewed and the STOPP and START tools applied.
Result: The frequency of potentially inappropriate prescriptions was 56% and is significant. There was a high frequency of prescribing centrally acting antihypertensive drugs (21%), long-acting sulfonylureas (16.5%), prescribing NSAIDs without prophylactic PPIs (20%) and COX-2 drugs for CVD (7%) in persons over 65 years of age at the level PHC. The frequency of Missed appointments at the PHC level was 23%. Most often, statins were not prescribed with a documented history of coronary, cerebral disease (27%), and beta-blockers in coronary artery disease (6%), and ACE inhibitors in systolic CHF and angina pectoris (5%), which causes a high risk of cardiovascular complications in elderly people.
Conclusion: On the basis of the study, problems have been identified that indicate a high risk of developing ADR in persons over 65 at the outpatient level, which require the introduction of modern technologies and tools to identify PIP and prevent polypharmacy.

The article discusses the impact of mentoring on improving the professional skills of nursing staff. Increasing the level of nursing education provides a higher level of theoretical and specialized skills development.The main elements of the personnel development system are the acquisition of experience, training and mentoring.

Article by «The state and prospects of organizing technological medical care for the population of the region using electronic technologies in the Karaganda region» is devoted to the study of the organization of technological medical care for the population of the region using electronic technologies. The object of the study of this problem was an electronic document of inpatient care for the population in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Karaganda region. This study covered 1253 cases that were sent to hospitals in the region and beyond to provide high-tech medical care for the period 2018- 2019. The analysis was carried out for two years on the profiles of high-tech medical care. With the help of the information system, all cases of referral to highly specialized medical care were studied. The challenge for the new Program was to expand the established infrastructure for digital data collection, and build on its basis an infrastructure for data exchange and advanced use of data, implying the formation and presentation of high-quality information for all levels of the health system. Such an infrastructure today provides support for making clinical, managerial and political decisions, digitalization of clinical and administrative processes in healthcare. To this end, work will continue on the introduction of information systems and applications that provide the transfer of medical data and health care processes into a digital format, ensuring the flexibility, efficiency and transparency of the functioning of the medical care system. Within the framework of the Program, a complete refusal to maintain forms of medical records in paper form has been ensured. It is planned to convert all medical images to digital format in the future. The basics of the organization of high-tech medical care were first defined in the order of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 8, 2020 N RK DSM-238/202 “On approval of the principles of specialized, including high-tech medical care”. Currently, the provision of high-tech medical care financed from the state budget and provided in accordance with the standards of medical care approved by the orders of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which also annually approves the list of profiles, types of special medical care, as well as profiles

Aspects of distance learning of students enrolled in the educational program “Nursing” at the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Evidence-Based Medicine at the NCJsc “Medical University of Karaganda” in the discipline “Fundamentals of Pharmacology” are considered.
The use of distance learning in medical universities remains debateable, as medical education has its own peculiarities related to the relationship between teacher-student, doctor-patient. But even in such cases, this training format demonstrates its flexibility. Distance learning gives each student unlimited opportunities for self-education, develops discipline, helps to gain the necessary knowledge regardless of location or employment. Distance learning was particularly important during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The authors present an analysis of the use of forms of distance learning, their advantages and disadvantages. The article specifies the existing difficulties in using distance learning technologies faced by teachers in the communicative, educational, motivational, organisational and technical process. In addition, the possibilities and experience of using distance learning for full-time students on the Moodle educational platform are revealed and substantiated.

This article presents the results of a study of differences in the perception of the team-oriented learning method (TEAM BASED LEARNING) by students and teachers at a medical university. The aim of the study is to determine the understanding and perception of the main learning objectives of the method of teamwork in achieving learning outcomes. For the study, a sociological survey was conducted among 66 students and 29 teachers on 15 questions. The results of the study made it possible to analyze the understanding of the importance of the team-oriented learning method among students and faculty, and to identify the main problems for both groups of respondents, and to find the best way to inform about the advantages and disadvantages of the method TBL to increase the interest, involvement and responsibility for the learning outcomes of participants in the educational process during the implementation of the team method of training. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the opinions of teachers and students are similar in most issues, but are not identical, and the main difference is manifested in the perceptions of goals team-oriented learning. This may be the reason for an incomplete understanding of the importance of this method, and its underestimation as a component of educational activities.

Fundamentals of entrepreneurship is a dynamically developing field. In this sense, the dynamics of this phenomenon is a suitable field of study and provides fruitful ideas for both theory and practice. The last decade has witnessed a powerful development of entrepreneurship research around the world. It seems to be widely recognized that entrepreneurship is the engine of the economy and society of most countries. This study includes a review of the literature on medical education and, in particular, on methods of teaching the basics of entrepreneurship at a medical university, as well as on methods of teaching the basics of entrepreneurship. Finally, the article was concluded with a discussion of the results and future research.
The study also presents methodological support for academic disciplines, the study of which will contribute to the maximum formation of practical skills and abilities of students in the organization of entrepreneurial activities in healthcare. It includes two interrelated stages: the study of the organizational and legal foundations of the entrepreneurial activity of medical organizations and the development of a business plan for the introduction and promotion of paid medical services.

The article is devoted to the study of the quality of the educational process in a medical school based on interns’ feedback. The relevance of the problem under study stems from the increasing role of systematic and organised feedback between the participants of the modern educational process with an attitude of active learning. The results have shown that interns are full and objective assessors of the quality of education received. The feedback data allows for a qualitative improvement of the educational process.

The article presents a clinical case of a non-smooth course of chicken pox in a 1.9-year-old child with a deposit of bacterial flora and the development of destructive pneumonia, infectious-toxic shock, DIC syndrome, sepsis, identification of factors predisposing to the development of bacterial complications and tactics of successful therapy with recovery.
In children with chickenpox, the persistence of high fever after the rash has ceased is the most significant symptom of a bacterial infection.
Factors predisposing to the development of bacterial complications in this child were deficient conditions: proteinenergy malnutrition (PEM) and severe anemia.