This article analyzes the literature on the state of health of HIV-exposed children (children born to HIVinfected mothers, but not infected), the clinical features of the laboratory course of HIV infection in children. According to literary data, a decrease in immune status is observed not only in HIV-infected children, but also in HIV-exposed children, due to the negative effect of the virus in the utero on the fetus, antiretroviral therapy taken by the mother to prevent HIV transmission to the child and many other factors. The high medical and social significance of improving the quality of life of children suffering from HIV infection dictates the need to study clinical and immunological parameters in order to develop preventive measures against infectious and somatic diseases.

The authors of the article carried out a review of the literature data on the study of health literacy. This article describes the levels of health literacy, the state of health literacy of young people, as well as assessment tools. According to the literature, in most studies the key tools for assessing the level of health literacy are: TOFHLA, REALM and HLS-EU-Q47. The review describes the means and ways to improve the level of health literacy. Promising technologies for the dissemination of relevant knowledge are communication tools, such as the Internet.

Department of Maternal and Child Health the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted the criteria for live births and stillbirths recommended by WHO in 2008; international technologies based on evidence-based medicine were introduced into the obstetrics and childhood system. The aim of the study was to analyze infant mortality in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period from 2008 to 2018. The health care reforms carried out in Kazakhstan have provided positive results in terms of improving the quality of services provided in the system of maternal and child health. Over the past 10 years in Kazakhstan, infant mortality decreased by 2.6 times and amounted to 7.9 %o

Currently, most researchers recognize that the lack of effectiveness of adult hypertension prevention programs dictates the need to find and put into practice new early preventive measures, to shift them to earlier age periods. It is believed that the basis of the concept of prevention should be a change in its emphasis: a person who was previously the object of influence should himself act as an active force in maintaining his health. The presented article analyzes the features of social factors and bad habits in patients with arterial hypertension.

Unmasked randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on the base of Karaganda medical university. In this study, 250 patients participated, after signed forms of information consent aged 18 to 45 years, with a verified diagnosis of acute or chronic giardiasis . When selecting patients for treatment with the drug «Sausalin» and «Ornisid» we formed two groups. In group 1 (125) patients took the drug Sausalin (main group), at a dose of 240 mg (2 tablets 4 times a day) for 14 days. The second comparison group included (125) patients receiving Ornisid (500 mg), 1 tablet 2 times a day for 10 days. When using these schemes, a high percentage of parasite eradication was obtained according to the results of microscopic studies. The study determined the efficacy of the drug Sausalin, which was more pronounced than the Ornisid preparations used at the present stage of giardiasis treatment.

The presented article is devoted to the study of the problem of arterial hypertension among the able-bodied population of the city of Karaganda. Arterial hypertension currently remains the main medical and social task due to the significant prevalence among the population, accompanied by a high level of disability and mortality. According to various researchers, the prevalence of arterial hypertension in Kazakhstan varies from 15.2 to 27%, and almost the same prevalence of arterial hypertension in the city and in the countryside is noted, which is comparable with international data.

The presented article demonstrates the relevance of the study of diffusion capacity of the lungs. A method for conducting and interpreting the determination of diffusion capacity of the lungs is described. The results of implementation of the Medical Center of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of the Diagnostic Center of the hospital are presented. The introduction of a method for studying the diffusion capacity of the lungs was a new stage in the development of the program for the provision of pulmonological care to patients with severe diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic patients in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study is conducted by highly qualified specialists, is safe for the patient. The research method is included in the clinical protocols approved by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with interstitial lung lesions.

The purpose of this review is to analyze scientific data devoted to the research of membrane-bound hemoglobin in normal and pathological conditions. The binding of hemoglobin to the erythrocyte membrane can be either reversible or irreversible. The main binding site is 3 band protein. The reversible binding of hemoglobin to the erythrocyte membrane is a physiological process and plays an important role in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, the release of signal adenosine triphosphoric acid, the regulation of vascular tone, and maintaining the structural integrity of the membranes. The hypotheses of hemoglobin participation in the regulation of capillary blood flow are briefly considered. Irreversible binding of hemoglobin to the membrane occurs under conditions of pathology. It induces processes such as dysregulation of carbohydrate metabolism, the development of oxidative stress, impaired structure and function of membranes and the cytoskeleton, the formation of an aging signal, etc. Studies of membrane-bound hemoglobin in some pathological conditions have begun (angina pectoris, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gestosis and anemia of pregnant women and patients with cancer). The definition of membrane-bound hemoglobin is proposed for assessing the resistance of red blood cells to tissue hypoxia, local ischemia, and the structural and functional state of red blood cell membranes.

Increase in the number of adulterated essential oils sold through the network of pharmacies highlights the need to test the quality. This study represents the qualitative composition and quantitative analysis of essential oils by the method of gas chromatography mass spectrometry. This study was conducted to determine the impurities and other facts of adulteration which manufacturers use to deliberately change the composition of essential oils. In this connection, the exploring terpenoid composition of natural essential oils using modern methods is first priority

Objective: to study the antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects of harmine hydrochloride in rats undergoing a model of stress-induced disorder. Materials and methods: 30 male outbred rats daily, for 21 days were subjected to stress exposure according to the model of «Chronic unpredictable moderate stress». From the 22^nd day animals with a stress-induced disorder were divided into 3 groups and received treatment from 22 to 42 day of the experiment with placebo, harmine hydrochloride or amitriptyline respectively. The animals underwent research in the «Open Field» and «Elevated Cruciform Maze» behavioral tests before the experiment, after undergoing the model of stress-induced disorder and upon completion of treatment. Results and discussion: Changing of behavioral reactions was noted in rats under a model of stress-induced disorder. The results of our experiment showed a significant decrease of indicators of depressive and anxious behavior of animals in the groups receiving harmine hydrochloride and amitriptyline, compared with the group receiving placebo. This is confirmed by a statistically significant increase in the amount of movements, orienting response reactions, and time spent in open space. Conclusions: In rats with a model of stress-induced disorder, the use of harmine hydrochloride helps to alleviate depressive and anxious manifestations.

It is known that persons exposed to tonizing radiatton side by side with a different of damaging effects, in particular attention to given the reproductive system. The dominant role of neutron-activated radionuclide Manganese-56 (⁵⁶Mn) was noted in the treatises of Japanese scientists who studied the A-Bomb effects of Japanese cities deserving the interest nowaday. In this regard, the research purpose was to study the microscopic changes in the testes of rats exposed to B- and Y-radiatton. In experiment, male sex «Wistar» rats in amount of 30, weighting approximately 227-335 g. Necropsy of the animals were on the 3^rd, 14^th and 60^th days afer irradiatton, then the testes removed, afterward that was fixed in 10% formalin. Tissues fragments embedded in paraffin, then sections are manufactured serial transverse 4 mm thickness which were subsequently stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&B). The finding of an experimental study demonstrated that neutron-activated manganese dioxide (⁵⁶Mn) effect the rates testis revealed a high risk level of internal radiation compared with the external radiation (⁶⁰Co) effects, that is confirmed by the presence of dystrophic and necrobiotic processes in late period. The data obtained confirm the role of ionizing radiation in the formation of histomorphological features depending on both dose and type of radiation.

The dominant role of the neutron-activated radionuclide - Manganese-56 (⁵⁶Mn) was noted in the scientific papers studying the effects of atomic bombing in Japanese cities, which deserves interest nowadays. Among the available literature, there are insufficient works devoted to the study of general patterns and possible mechanisms of proliferative activity of Ki-67 in testicular tissue under inhalation exposure to neutron rays. Animals were subjected to necropsy on the 3^rd, 14^th and 60^th days after irradiation, then the testes were removed, after which it was fixed in 10% formalin. Paraffin sections were dewaxed and rehydrated according to standard procedures. Immunohistochemical reaction was visualized using the DAB + (DAKO) system. The number of proliferative activity marker, namely Ki-67 was calculated taking into account the stained nuclei of any degree of intensity, expressing the results in percent. All quantitative variables studied were described using mean (m), median (Me), and interquartile range (IQR). When comparing them, depending on the studied factors, the Kruskal-Wallis test (SPSS 2.0) was used. In a comparative aspect of⁵⁶Mn, Mn0₂ and⁶⁰Co effect on the organism, a high level of Ki-67 antigen in the testicular tissues studied was observed in experimental animals at a later date after neutron-activated manganese dioxide exposure.

The article describes a method of student-centred teaching technologies of the higher education, especially in the groups obtained personal data, as well as the advantages and disadvantages in the use of this method and characterized effectiveness of student-centred teaching method. Create training load based on the individual student's abilities. Each student has an individual study plan in which is reflected the whole range of required elements and partitions created on the basis of the work program. Thus, the subject of information and communication technology sets students the task, the decision of which students have the opportunity to use all kinds of creative reasoning, a wide source of information for a specific result.

The article describes the form of control in the form of objective structured practical exam in botany for students specialties in «Biology» and «Pharmacy». Objective structured practical exam is a modern innovative method of assessing students ' knowledge. The knowledge, learned during the academic year is evaluated in accordance with the professional competence of the student. For a student, a future specialist-biologist and pharmacist, it is important not only to comprehend and liken theoretical information, but also to master at the proper level when using this knowledge in practice. Objective structured practical exam is a structured exam, during which students at several «points» demonstrate the implementation of practical skills acquired as a result of a year of study on the subject of «Botany». This article reflects the form of the final control, in which the student shows the skills based on the implementation of practical tasks in botany.

Guidelines for the implementation of IWS in the form of a solving situational medical problems and conducting clinical and pharmacological examination of drug therapy, for the development of clinical thinking of students of the general medicine faculty, were prepared and introduced into the educational process at the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Evidence-Based Medicine of Karaganda medical university.

Currently, educational institutions need to focus on the requirements and expectations of consumers, while maintaining the standards established by the Ministry of education and science. The result of the services provided is the totality of the professional competencies of university graduates, which is subsequently evaluated by the employer. According to the authors of the article, now universities are expected to be more involved in the life of students, providing not only quality-rich disciplines in terms of information volume, but also a set of educational elements that develop students in personal and social terms. One of the solutions to this problem was the development and implementation of modern pedagogical technologies, including distance learning. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the level of mastery of professional competencies in blender training and traditional training of medical students. Distance learning allowed to increase the effectiveness of training and the quality of educational services, their accessibility, to develop the personality of the learner and adapt it to apply existing knowledge, skills in modern living conditions.

A comparative pharmacoeconomic study of the biosimilar Trastuzumab (KFQ Kazakhstan) and the original drug Herceptin® (F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Switzerland) using in the breast cancer treatment was carried out using the methods of «Cost minimization» and «Budget impact». The pharmacoeconomic advantage of the biosimilar is established, which is expressed in lower costs with equal efficiency. Replacing the original drug with a biosimilar should save the health budget.

The article presents the results of the development of marketing research of topical dosage forms in the pharmaceutical market of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to data, domestic manufacturers often produce drugs in the form of plant roots, fruits, leaves, flowers, herbal teas, tinctures, solutions, tablets, eye and nose drops, capsules, etc. According to marketing research from previous years, the number of soft dosage forms is relatively stably. In the future, we can expect that the number of topical drugs will increase.

Kidney cancer accounts for about 2-3 of all malignant tumors. Every year about 189-190 000nwe cases are registered in the world. New cases of kidney cancer, which occupies 2.2-2.7% in the structure of malignant neoplasms in men, 1.5% in women. Men are 2 times more likely to be ill than women. Every year kidney cancer claims 91,000 lives. In the United States, 30,000 new cases of kidney cancer were reported in 1998, and in 2002 this figure reached nearly 32,000, indicating a progression in morbidity. In that country, 1,200 patients died of kidney cancer in 2002. In the CIS countries there is also an increase in the specific weight of kidney cancer in the structure of oncological morbidity. In terms of growth rate renal cell carcinoma comes to the 2^nd place among all malignant neoplasms, showing annual 2% growth.