Диагностика новообразований простаты

Цель настоящего литературного обзора – в последовательном изучении диагностических этапов рака простаты. Рак простаты классифицируется структурно по шкале Глисона. Фосфатазы участвуют в различных клеточных изменениях, включая пролиферацию, дифференциацию и канцерогенез. В определенных жизненных обстоятельствах белки являются регуляторами, влияющими на внутриклеточные сигнальные пути. Изменения в функциональности фосфатаз представляют собой ключевой момент в малигнизации патологического процесса. Исследователи пытаются исследовать и сделать выводы о раке простаты, используя геномный анализ, клинически важные биомаркеры и методы визуализации. Поэтому, наконец, после следующих этапов описания, целью является предоставление заключения по раку предстательной железы и различным ключевым моментам его развития.

1. Chan J.M., Gann P.H., Giovannucci E.L. Role of diet in prostate cancer development and progression. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005; 23 (32): 8152-8160.

2. Giovannucci E., Rimm E.B., Colditz G.A., Stampfer M.J., Ascherio A., Chute C.G., Willett W.C. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 1993; 85 (19): 1571-1579. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.19.1571

3. Kolonel L.N., Nomura A.M., Cooney R.V. Dietary fat and prostate cancer: current status. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 1999; 91 (5): 414-428.

4. Platz E.A., Leitzmann M.F., Michaud D.S., Willett W.C., Giovannucci E. Interrelation of energy intake, body size, and physical activity with prostate cancer in a large prospective cohort study. Cancer Res. 2003; 63 (23): 8542-8548.

5. Willis M.S., Wians F.H. The role of nutrition in preventing prostate cancer: a review of the proposed mechanism of action of various dietary substances. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2003; 330 (1-2): 57-83.

6. Quinn M., Babb P. Patterns and trends in prostate cancer incidence, survival, prevalence and mortality. Part I: international comparisons. BJU Int. 2002; 90 (2): 162- 173.

7. Quinn M., Babb P., Jones J., Allen E. Effect of screening on incidence of and mortality from cancer of cervix in England: evaluation based on routinely collected statistics. BMJ. 1999; 318 (7188): 904-908. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7188.904

8. Draisma G., Etzioni R., Tsodikov A., Mariotto A., Wever E., Gulati R., Feuer E. Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: importance of methods and context. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 2009; 101 (6): 374-383.

9. Etzioni R., Penson D.F., Legler J.M., di Tommaso D., Boer R., Gann P.H., Feuer E.J. Overdiagnosis due to prostate-specific antigen screening: lessons from U.S. prostate cancer incidence trends. J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 2002; 94 (13): 981-990.

10. Taitt H.E.. Global Trends and Prostate Cancer: A review of incidence, detection, and mortality as influenced by race, ethnicity, and geographic location. Am. J. Mens Health. 2018; 12 (6): 1807-1823.

11. Collin S.M., Martin R.M., Metcalfe C., Gunnell D., Albertsen P.C., Neal D., Hamdy F. Prostate-cancer mortality in the USA and UK in 1975-2004: an ecological study. Lancet Oncol. 2008; 9 (5): 445-452.

12. Etzioni R., Tsodikov A., Mariotto A., Szabo A., Falcon S., Wegelin J., DiTommaso D. Quantifying the role of PSA screening in the US prostate cancer mortality decline. Cancer Causes Control. 2008; 19 (2): 175-181.

13. Lim L.S., Sherin K., Committee A.P.P. Screening for prostate cancer in U.S. men ACPM position statement on preventive practice. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2008; 34 (2): 164-170.

14. Jorgensen J.T. Drug-diagnostics co-development in oncology. Front Oncol. 2014; 4: 208.

15. Olsen D., Jorgensen J.T. Companion diagnostics for targeted cancer drugs - clinical and regulatory aspects. Front Oncol. 2014; 4: 105.

16. Sharma U., Pal D., Prasad R. Alkaline phosphatase: an overview. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2014; 29 (3): 269- 278.

17. Groot M.T., Boeken Kruger C.G., Pelger R.C., Uylde Groot C.A. Costs of prostate cancer, metastatic to the bone, in The Netherlands. Eur. Urol. 2003; 43 (3): 226- 232.

18. Truong L.D., Kadmon D., McCune B.K., Flanders K.C., Scardino P.T., Thompson T.C. Association of transforming growth factor-beta 1 with prostate cancer: An immunohistochemical study. Hum. Pathol. 1993; 24: 4-9.

19. Hobisch A., Eder I. E., Putz T., Horninger W., Bartsch G., Klocker H., Culig Z. Interleukin-6 regulates prostate-specific protein expression in prostate carcinoma cells by activation of the androgen receptor. Cancer Res. 1998; 58: 4640-4645.

20. Bussemakers M.J., van Bokhoven A., Verhaegh G.W., Smit F.P., Karthaus H.F., Schalken J.A., Debruyne F.M., Ru N., Isaacs W.B. DD3: a new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 5975-5979.

21. Gupta A., Lotan Y., Ashfaq R., Roehrborn C.G., Raj G.V., Aragaki C.C., Montorsi F., Shariat S.F. Predictive value of the differential expression of the urokinase plasminogen activation axis in radical prostatectomy patients. Eur. Urol. 2009; 55: 1124-1133.

22. Madu C.O., Lu Y. Novel diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. J. Cancer. 2010; 1: 150-177.

23. Batta A., Panag K.M.D.S., Singh J. Diagnosis of prostate cancer. Role of biomarkers. Int. J. Cur. Biomed. Phar. Res. 2012; 2: 339-345.

24. Pinto J.T., Suffoletto B.P., Berzin T.M. Prostatespecific membrane antigen: a novel folate hydrolase in human prostatic carcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res. 1996; 2: 1445-1451.

25. Carter R.E., Feldman A.R., Coyle J.T. Prostatespecific membrane antigen is a hydrolase with substrate and pharmacologic characteristics of a neuropeptidase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 1996; 93: 749-753.

26. Halsted C.H., Ling E.H., Luthi-Carter R. Folylpolygamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase from pig jejunum: molecular characterization and relation to glutamate carboxypeptidase II. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 20417-20424.

27. Bander N.H., Trabulsi E.J., Kostakoglu L. Targeting metastatic prostate cancer with radiolabeled monoclonal antibody J591 to the extracellular domain of prostate specific membrane antigen. J. Urol. 2003; 170: 1717-1721.

28. Weijerman P.C., Zhang Y., Shen J. Expression of prostatic factors measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in human papillomavirus type 18 deoxyribonucleic acid immortalized prostate cell lines. Urology. 1998; 51: 657-662.

29. Leek J., Lench N., Maraj B. Prostate-specific membrane antigen: evidence for the existence of a second related human gene. Br. J. Cancer. 1995; 72: 583-588.

30. Denekamp J., Dasu A., Waites A. Vasculature and microenvironmental gradients: the missing links in novel approaches to cancer therapy? Adv. Enz. Regul. 1998; 38: 281-299.

31. O’Keefe D.S., Su S., Bacich D.J. Mapping, genomic organization and promoter analysis of the human prostate-specific membrane antigen gene. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1998; 1443: 113-127.

32. Rajasekaran S.A., Anilkumar G., Oshima E. A novel cytoplasmic tail MXXXL motif mediates the internalization of prostate-specific membrane antigen. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2003; 14: 4835-4845.

33. Troyer J.K., Beckett M.L., Wright G.L., Jr. Detection and characterization of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in tissue extracts and body fluids. Int. J. Cancer. 1995; 62: 552-558.

34. Troyer J.K., Beckett M.L., Wright G.L., Jr. Location of prostate-specific membrane antigen in the LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell line. Prostate. 1997; 30: 232-242.

35. Schulke N., Varlamova O.A., Donovan G.P. The homodimer of prostate-specific membrane antigen is a functional target for cancer therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2003; 100: 12590-12595.

36. Horoszewicz J.S., Kawinski E., Murphy G.P. Monoclonal antibodies to a new antigenic marker in epithelial cells and serum of prostatic cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 1987; 7: 927-936.

37. Lopes A.D., Davis W.L., Rosenstraus M.J. Immunohistochemical and pharmacokinetic characterization of the site-specific immunoconjugate CYT-356 derived from antiprostate monoclonal antibody 7E11-C5. Cancer Res. 1990; 50: 6423-6429.

38. Silver D.A., Pellicer I., Fair W.R. Prostatespecific membrane antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. Clin. Cancer Res. 1997; 3: 81-85.

39. Troyer J.K., Beckett M.L., Wright G.L., Jr. Detection and characterization of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in tissue extracts and body fluids. Int. J. Cancer. 1995; 62: 552-558.

40. Chang S.S., Reuter V.E., Heston W.D., Gaudin P.B. Comparison of anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen antibodies and other immunomarkers in metastatic prostate carcinoma. Urology. 2001; 57: 1179-1183.

41. Kawakami M., Nakayama J. Enhanced expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen gene in prostate cancer as revealed by in situ hybridization. Cancer Res. 1997; 57: 2321-2324.

42. Kuciel R., Bakalova A., Mazurkiewicz A., Bilska A., Ostrowski W. Is the subunit of prostatic phosphatase active? Reversible denaturation of prostatic acid phosphatase. Biochem. Int. 1990; 22: 329-334.

43. Lee H., Chu T.M., Li S.S., Lee C.L. Homodimer and heterodimer subunits of human prostatic acid phosphatase. Biochem. J. 1991; 277: 759-765.

44. Zelivianski S., Comeau D., Lin M.F. Cloning and analysis of the promoter activity of the human prostatic acid phosphatase gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998; 245: 108-112.

45. Vihko P., Kontturi M., Korhonen L.K. Purification of human prostatic acid phosphatase by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. Part I. Clin. Chem. 1978; 24: 466-470.

46. Graddis T.J., McMahan C.J., Tamman J., Page K.J., Trager J.B. Prostatic acid phosphatase expression in human tissues. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2011; 4: 295- 306.

47. Goldfarb D.A., Stein B.S., Shamszadeh M., Petersen R.O. Age-related changes in tissue level of prostatic acid phosphatase and prostate specific antigen. J. Urol. 1986; 136: 1266-1269.

48. Gunia S., Koch S., May M., Dietel M., Erbersdobler A. Expression of prostatic acid phosphatase (PSAP) in transurethral resection specimens of the prostate is predictive of histopathologic tumor stage in subsequent radical prostatectomies. Virchows. Arch. 2009; 454: 573-579.

49. Zelivianski S., Glowacki R., Lin M.F. Transcriptional activation of the human prostatic acid phosphatase gene by NF-κB via a novel hexanucleotide-binding site. Nucleic. Acid. Res. 2004; 32: 3566-3580.

50. Lin M.F., Garcia-Arenas R., Xia X.Z., Biela B., Lin F.F. The cellular level of prostatic acid phosphatase and the growth of human prostate carcinoma cells. Differentiation. 1994; 57: 143-149.

51. Merrick G.S., Butler W.M., Wallner K.E., Allen Z., DeFilippo J.L., Adamovich E. Enzymatic prostatic acid phosphatase in the clinical staging of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. W. V. Med. J. 2005; 101: 116-119.

52. Reiter R.E., Gu Z., Watabe T., Thomas G., Szigeti K., Davis E., Wahl M., Nisitani S., Yamashiro J., Le Beau M., Loda M., Witte O. Prostate stem cell antigen: A cell surface marker overexpressed in prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998; 95: 1735-1740.

53. Reiter R.E., Gu Z., Watabe T., Thomas G., Szigeti K., Davis E., Wahl M., Nisitani S., Yamashiro J., Le Beau M., Loda M., Witte O. Prostate stem cell antigen: A cell surface marker overexpressed in prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998; 95: 1735-1740.

54. Cunha A.C., Weigle B., Kiessling A., Bachmann M., Rieber E.P. Tissue-specificity of prostate specific antigens: comparative analysis of transcript levels in prostate nonprostate tissues. Cancer Lett. 2006; 236: 229-238.

55. Ross S., Spencer S., Holcomb I., Tan C., Hongo J., Devaux B., Rangell L., Keller G., Schow P., Steeves R., Lutz R., Frantz G., Hillan K., Peale F., Tobin P., Eberhard D., Rubin M., Lasky L., Koeppen H. Prostate stem cell antigen as therapy target: tissue expression in vivo efficacy of an immunoconjugate. Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 2546-2553.

56. Reiter R.E., Gu Z., Watabe T., Thomas G., Szigeti K., Davis E., Wahl M., Nisitani S., Yamashiro J., Le Beau M., Loda M., Witte O. Prostate stem cell antigen: A cell surface marker overexpressed in prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1998; 95: 1735-1740.

57. Bluemn E.G., Nelson P.S. The androgen/androgen receptor axis in prostate cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2012; 24: 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0b013e32835105b3.

58. Ziaran S., Novakova Z.V., Böhmer D., Danišovič L. Biomarkers for determination prostate cancer: Implication for diagnosis and prognosis. Neoplasma. 2015; 62: 683- 691. https://doi.org/10.4149/neo_2015_082

59. Kasivisvanathan V., Rannikko A.S., Borghi M., Panebianco V., Mynderse L.A., Vaarala M.H., Briganti A., Budäus L., Hellawell G., Hindley R.G., et al. MRI-Targeted or Standard Biopsy for Prostate-Cancer Diagnosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018; 378: 1767-1777.

60. Albright F., Stephenson R.A., Agarwal N., Teerlink C.C., Lowrance W.T., Farnham J.M., Albright L.A.C. Prostate cancer risk prediction based on complete prostate cancer family history. Prostate. 2015; 75: 390-398.

61. Prando A. Diffusion-weighted MRI of peripheral zone prostate cancer: Comparison of tumor apparent diffusion coefficient with Gleason score and percentage of tumor on core biopsy. Int. Braz. J. Urol. 2010; 36: 504-517.