STUDY OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PROBABILITY OF THE FORMATION OF A CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF THE FETUS

Introduction. Congenital fetal developmental anomalies are one of the pressing issues in healthcare due to the prevalence of numerous risk factors, the increase in stressful situations, the uncontrolled intake of medications by pregnant women, as well as the widespread occurrence of bad habits and infectious diseases among the population.

Aim. To study the factors influencing the occurrence of congenital fetal anomalies.

Materials and methods. During the study, we analyzed data from 697 women who underwent outpatient ultrasound examination during pregnancy. We analyzed the data of 697 women, who were divided into two groups based on the presence of signs of congenital fetal developmental anomalies. The main group included 466 women whose newborns exhibited congenital developmental anomalies either during pregnancy or in the early postnatal period, while the control group consisted of 231 women whose children showed no signs of congenital developmental anomalies either during pregnancy or in the early neonatal period.

Results. According to the obtained results, the earliest detection period for congenital fetal anomalies was 24.7±0.9 weeks of pregnancy, which was observed in cases of combined anomalies and central nervous system defects. The earliest detection period for these congenital anomalies was 11.5 weeks, which was the minimum for the entire studied group. Next in order of detection were congenital anomalies of the urinary system at 26.3±1.7 weeks, digestive system anomalies at 27.1±2.0 weeks, and heart and major blood vessel anomalies at 27.7±1.0 weeks of pregnancy. Musculoskeletal system anomalies were detected at 28.1±1.9 weeks, while chromosomal anomaly signs were identified the latest at 29.4±3.2 weeks of pregnancy.

Conclusion. Thus, the gestational age at which severe developmental anomalies are detected plays a crucial role in further pregnancy management.

1. Dzhamankulova F.S., Musuraliev M.S., Sorokin A.A. Ocenka faktorov riska u beremennyh zhenshhin i prognozirovanie razvitija vrozhdennyh porokov ploda. Kazanskij medicinskij zhurnal. 2018; 99 (5): 748-753.

2. Saperova E.V., Vahlova I.V. Vrozhdennye poroki serdca u detej: rasprostranennost’, faktory riska, smertnost’. Voprosy sovremennoj pediatrii. 2017; 16 (2): 126-133. https://doi.org/10.15690/vsp.v16i2.1713

3. Mahdi S.A., Kareem T.F., Abdullah D.F. Preterm detection of congenital anomalies by ultrasound and correlation with possible associated risk factors. Congenital anomalies. 2022; 3: 4. https://doi.org/10.36740/WLek202201221

4. Tuchtan L., Lesieur E., Bartoli C., Delteil C., Sarda-Quarello L., Torrents J., Sigaudy S., Piercecchi M.D., Gorincour G. Diagnosis of congenital abnormalities with post-mortem ultrasound in perinatal death. Diagn. Interv. Imaging. 2018; 99 (3): 143-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2017.11.005

5. Zile-Velika I. Prenatal ultrasound screening and congenital anomalies at birth by region: Pattern and distribution in Latvia. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2023; 20: 100242. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.eurox.2023.100242

6. Edwards L., Hui L. First and second trimester screening for fetal structural anomalies. Seminars in fetal and neonatal medicine. 2018; 23 (2): 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2017.11.005

7. Erős F.R., Beke A. Effectiveness of prenatal ultrasound in fetal and neonatal malformations and examination of difficulty and uncertainty factors. Orvosi. Hetilap. 2017; 158 (45): 1794-1801.

8. Moges N., Anley D.T., Zemene M.A., Adella G.A., Solomon Y., Bantie B., Fenta Felek S., Dejenie T.A., Bayih W.A., Chanie E.S., Getaneh F.B., Kassaw A., Mengist Dessie A. Congenital anomalies and risk factors in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Paediatr. Open. 2023; 7 (1): e002022. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2023-002022

9. Shetty N., Mantri S., Agarwal S., Potdukhe A., Wanjari M.B., Taksande A.B., Yelne S. Unraveling the Challenges: A Critical Review of Congenital Malformations in Low Socioeconomic Strata of Developing Countries. Cureus. 2023; 15 (7): e41800. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.418007

10. Ortinau C.M., Mangin-Heimos K., Moen J., Alexopoulos D., Inder T.E., Gholipour A., Smyser C.D., Prenatal to postnatal trajectory of brain growth in complex congenital heart disease. NeuroImage: clinical. 2018; 20: 913-922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003177

11. Greenwell A.A., Deng M.X., Ross Sh., Weixler V., Vervoort D. Socioeconomic Status and Access to Care for Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease in Universal Health Coverage Models. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2024; 11 (8): 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11080250

12. Bhide P., Kar A. A national estimate of the birth prevalence of congenital anomalies in India: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC pediatrics. 2018; 18: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1149-0

13. Ajao A.E., Adeoye I.A. Prevalence, risk factors and outcome of congenital anomalies among neonatal admissions in OGBOMOSO, Nigeria. BMC pediatrics. 2019; 19: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1471-1

14. Prashar N., Gupta S., Thakur R., Sharma P., Sharma G. A study of incidence of congenital anomalies in newborn: a hospital based study. Int. J. Res. Med. Sci. 2016; 4 (6): 2050-2053. http://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20161758

15. Aloui M., Nasri K., Jemaa N. B., Hamida A. B., Masmoudi A., Gaïgi S. S., Marrakchi R. Congenital anomalies in Tunisia: Frequency and risk factors. Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction. 2017; 46 (8): 651-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogoh.2017.05.006