Features of the incidence of acute cholecystitis in the Akmola region: a retrospective epidemiological analysis

Aim. To analyze the trends in the incidence of acute cholecystitis in the Akmola region from 2009 to 2022.

Materials and methods. The study is based on a retrospective analysis of data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD10), code K81. To assess incidence dynamics, methods of health statistics and time series analysis were applied.

Results and discussion. Between 2009 and 2022, a total of 12,538 patients were hospitalized with acute cholecystitis in the Akmola region. The hospital-based incidence rate decreased from 136.3±4.3 to 106.7±3.8 per 100,000 population (p24 hours after symptom onset) decreased from 68.9 to 36.9 per 100,000, reflecting improved early access to care.

Conclusions. The study highlights the need to improve medical approaches to the treatment of acute cholecystitis in the Akmola region. The results indicate the critical importance of early diagnosis and timely hospitalization to reduce complications. There is currently a need for additional research to review existing and develop more effective clinical protocols.

1. Glanc S. Mediko-biologicheskaja statistika. M.: Praktika; 1998: 459.

2. Merkov A.M., Poljakov L.E. Sanitarnaja statistika. L.: Medicina; 1974: 384.

3. Campanile F.C., Podda M., Arezzo A., et al. Acute cholecystitis during COVID-19 pandemic: a multisocietary position statement. World J. Emerg. Surg. 2020; 15 (1): 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13017-020-00317-0

4. CHOLECOVID Collaborative. Global overview of the management of acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic (CHOLECOVID study). BJS Open. 2022; 6 (3): 052. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsopen/zrac052

5. Coccolini F., Solaini L., Binda C. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Acute Cholecystitis: Refining the Best Surgical Timing Through Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan Tech. 2022; 32 (6): 755- 763. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000001103

6. de Mestral C., Rotstein O.D., Laupacis A. A population-based analysis of the clinical course of 10,304 patients with acute cholecystitis, discharged without cholecystectomy. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74 (1): 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182788e4d

7. Gallaher J.R., Charles A. Acute Cholecystitis: A Review. JAMA. 2022; 327 (10): 965-975. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.2350

8. Gutt C.N., Encke J., Köninger J., et al. Acute cholecystitis: early versus delayed cholecystectomy, a multicenter randomized trial (ACDC study, NCT00447304). Ann. Surg. 2013; 258 (3): 385-393. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b0133182a1599b

9. Igissinov N.S., Kozhakhmetov S.K., Turebayev D.T., et al. Trends of gallstone disease incidence in Kazakhstan. Meditsina. 2019; 4 (202): 2-7. https://doi.org/10.31082/1728-452X-2019-202-4-2-7

10. Jones M.W., Genova R., O'Rourke M.C. Acute Cholecystitis. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459171/

11. Kim S.B., Gu M.G., Kim K.H., Kim T.N. Long-term outcomes of acute acalculous cholecystitis treated by non-surgical management. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020; 99 (7): e19057. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000019057

12. Kimura Y., Takada T., Kawarada Y. Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 2007; 14 (1): 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00534-006-1152-y

13. Knab L.M., Boller A.M., Mahvi D.M. Cholecystitis. Surg. Clin. North Am. 2014; 94 (2): 455- 470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2014.01.005

14. Mencarini L., Vestito A., Zagari R.M., Montagnani M. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Cholecystitis: A Comprehensive Narrative Review for a Practical Approach. J. Clin. Med. 2024; 13 (9): 2695. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092695

15. Okamoto K., Suzuki K., Takada T., et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: flowchart for the management of acute cholecystitis. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018; 25 (1): 55-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.516

16. Shaffer E.A. Gallstone disease: Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2006; 20 (6): 981-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2006.05.004

17. WMA Declaration of Helsinki, 2013. Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. https://www.wma.net/

18. Yamashita Y., Takada T., Kawarada Y. Surgical treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 2007; 14 (1): 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00534-006-1161-x

19. Yokoe M., Hata J., Takada T. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos). J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci. 2018; 25 (1): 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.515