medecolМедицина и экологияMedicine and ecology2305-60452305-6053Карагандинский медицинский университет10.59598/ME-2305-6045-2024-112-3-43-50medecol-749Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWSCOVID-19 и нервная система: патогенез, механизмы и последствияCOVID-19 and the nervous system: pathogenesis, mechanisms, and outcomesТакеноваЛ. Н.TakenovaL.

Лия Нурлановна Такенова – докторант

100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40

Liya Takenova – doctoral student

100008, Karaganda, Gogol str., 40

takenova@qmu.kzКлюевД. А.KlyuyevD.

100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40

100008, Karaganda, Gogol str., 40

НАО «Карагандинский медицинский университет»КазахстанNon-Commercial Joint-Stock Company «Karaganda Medical University»Kazakhstan202424102024034350Copyright © Такенова Л.Н., Клюев Д.А., 20242024Такенова Л.Н., Клюев Д.А.Takenova L., Klyuyev D.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/749

В острый период COVID-19 более чем у 1/3 пациентов развиваются неврологические симптомы, 25% из которых можно отнести к прямому поражению центральной нервной системы. Чаще всего все эти осложнения возникают из-за проникновения вируса в системный кровоток, его диссеминации и повреждения сосудистого эндотелия. Все клинические проявления, связанные с проникновением COVID-19 в нервную ткань, можно разделить на несколько групп: 1) признаки поражения центральной нервной системы, включая головную боль, нарушение сознания, энцефалит, цереброваскулярные заболевания, судороги и атаксию; 2) признаки поражения периферической нервной системы, такие как как аносмия/ гипосмия, дисгевзия, нарушения зрения, невралгия и синдром Гийена-Барре; 3) признаки повреждения опорно-двигательного аппарата, такие как миопатия, миалгия и утомляемость.Основной целью обзора литературы было выявление основных источников и механизмов повреждения нервной ткани при COVID-19.Поиск литературы проводился в базах данных Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus. Поиск осуществлялся по ключевым словам: «COVID-19», «нервная ткань», «эндотелиальная дисфункция», «окислительный стресс», «нейровоспаление». Поиск литературы дал 329 результатов, из которых 234 статьи.В результате анализа статей были выделены 2 основные группы исследований: описательные и экспериментальные.Патогенез повреждения нервной системы вирусом COVID-19 имеет два источника: путем заражения нервных окончаний, таких как обонятельные сенсорные нейроны, и ретроградного проникновения вируса в головной мозг.

In the acute period of COVID-19, more than 1/3 patients develop neurological symptoms, 25% of which can be attributed to direct damage to the central nervous system. Most often, all these complications arise due to the penetration of the virus into the systemic circulation, its dissemination and damage to the vascular endothelium. All clinical manifestations associated with the penetration of COVID-19 into the nervous tissue can be divided into several groups:1) signs of damage to the central nervous system, including headache, impaired consciousness, encephalitis, cerebrovascular diseases, seizures and ataxia; 2) signs of damage to the peripheral nervous system, such as anosmia/hyposmia, dysgeusia, visual disturbances, neuralgia and Guillain-Barre syndrome; and 3) signs of damage to the musculoskeletal system, such as myopathy, myalgia and fatigue.The aim of the review was to identify the main sources and mechanisms of nerve tissue damage in COVID-19 disease.Literature search was conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases. The search was carried out by the following keywords: «COVID-19», «nerve tissue», «endothelial dysfunction», «oxidative stress», «neuroinflammation». The literature search yielded 329 results, of which 234 articles.As a result of the analysis of the articles, 2 main groups of studies were identified: descriptive and experimental. The pathogenesis of damage to the nervous system by the COVID-19 virus has two sources: by infecting nerve endings, such as olfactory sensory neurons, and retrograde penetration of the virus into the brain.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.