The review article presents an analysis of results of researches which were done by international and domestic authors on one of the common problems of alimentary-dependent non-infectious diseases. The role of nutrition in emergence of a big group of chronic non-infection diseases is designated more precisely. The up-growing number of diseases which are caused by quick, non-evolutional change of nutrition and lifestyle is shown. There is a steady tendency towards the spread of chronic non-infectious diseases among the population of developing countries, the main causes of which are industrialization, urbanization and the globalization of the food and services market, which have changed not only food production but also the stereotype of food choice. An analysis of the research materials of foreign and domestic authors shows that the major number of alimentary-dependent diseases is related to manageable pathologies. Its emergence is determined by obvious reasons, and the strategy of its prevention has practical expression. However, the existing difficulties of widespread implementation of the principles of preventive nutrition do not allow to solve this problem quickly and effectively. This requires a nationwide approach to solving the problem of alimentary-dependent diseases, as well as the introduction of knowledge and practical skills of healthy nutrition and the lifestyle of each person.