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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medecol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина и экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medicine and ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-6045</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-6053</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Карагандинский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59598/ME-2305-6053-2026-120-3-100-115</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medecol-1380</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аллельные частоты однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов, ассоциированных с колоректальным раком, в казахской популяции Центрального Казахстана</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Allele frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with colorectal cancer in the kazakh population of Central Kazakhstan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коршуков</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korshukov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Илья Васильевич Коршуков </p><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya Vasilyevich Korshukov </p><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Korshukov@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадырова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadyrova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесникова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnikova</surname><given-names>Ye. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117513, г. Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>117513, Moscow c., Ostrovityanova str., 1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kolesnikova_ea6@rsmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесниченко</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnichenko</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>QC H3S 2G4, г. Монреаль, ул. Кот-Сент-Катрин, 3175</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>QC H3S 2G4, CMontreal c., Côte-Sainte-Catherine Road, 3175</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svetlana.kolesnichenko@umontreal.ca</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кабилдина</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kabildina</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тайжанова</surname><given-names>Д. Ж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Taizhanova</surname><given-names>D. Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турмухамбетова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turmukhambetova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>010000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбітшілік, 49а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>010000, Astana, Beibitshilik str., 49a</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mail@amu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НАО «Карагандинский медицинский университет»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>NC JSC «Karaganda Medical University»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н. И. Пирогова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университетский госпитальный центр Сент-Жюстин, исследовательский центр, Университет</institution><country>Канада</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University Hospital Center Sainte-Justine, Research Centre, University of Montreal</institution><country>Canada</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НАО «Медицинский университет Астана»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>NC JSC «Astana Medical University»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Коршуков И.В., Кадырова И.А., Колесникова Е.А., Колесниченко С.И., Кабилдина Н.А., Тайжанова Д.Ж., Турмухамбетова А.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коршуков И.В., Кадырова И.А., Колесникова Е.А., Колесниченко С.И., Кабилдина Н.А., Тайжанова Д.Ж., Турмухамбетова А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korshukov I.V., Kadyrova I.A., Kolesnikova Y.A., Kolesnichenko S.I., Kabildina N.A., Taizhanova D.Z., Turmukhambetova A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1380">https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1380</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить аллельные частоты однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (ОНП), ассоциированных с риском развития колоректального рака (КРР), в казахской популяции Центрального Казахстана и сопоставить полученные результаты с международными референсными данными.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование были включены 97 условно здоровых лиц без установленного КРР и семейного анамнеза злокачественных новообразований, определявшие себя, своих биологических родителей, а также бабушек и дедушек по материнской и отцовской линии как казахов. Генотипирование выполняли методом TaqMan OpenArray. После контроля пропусков данных и проверки соответствия распределения генотипов закону Харди – Вайнберга проводили гармонизацию с данными 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3. Популяционное положение локальной выборки оценивали методом анализа главных компонент и иерархической кластеризации. Для каждого ОНП рассчитывали абсолютные разности частот аллелей локальной группы относительно референсных суперпопуляций Евразии и определяли ближайшую референсную суперпопуляцию. Статистические выбросы исключали по правилу Тьюки. В итоговый анализ были включены 55 ОНП.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. Анализ главных компонент показал промежуточное положение локальной группы в евразийском генетическом пространстве, преимущественно между европейской и восточноазиатской суперпопуляциями. При иерархической кластеризации локальная группа была представлена во всех четырех кластерах, преимущественно распределяясь между двумя со смешанным популяционным составом. Частотный профиль исследованных ОНП характеризовался выраженной локус-зависимой вариабельностью. Для 29 из 55 ОНП (52,7%) абсолютное различие частот с ближайшей референсной суперпопуляцией не превышало 0,025, тогда как для 12 вариантов (21,8%) оно составляло более 0,05. Наиболее близкой суперпопуляцией для 19 ОНП являлась EAS, для 18 – EUR и для 18 – SAS.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Результаты согласуются с представлениями о смешанном характере казахской популяции и демонстрируют локус-зависимую мозаичность частотного профиля исследованной панели ОНП. Практически равное распределение сходства с евразийскими суперпопуляциями указывает на отсутствие единственной референсной суперпопуляции, наиболее близкой к локальной выборке по всей панели вариантов, что необходимо учитывать при переносе результатов исследований по полногеномному поиску ассоциаций, использовании полигенных шкал риска и планировании медикогенетических исследований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To estimate the allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Kazakh population of Central Kazakhstan and compare the obtained results with international reference data.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included 97 apparently healthy individuals with no diagnosed CRC or family history of malignant neoplasms, who self-identified themselves, their biological parents, and their maternal and paternal grandparents as Kazakh. Genotyping was performed using the TaqMan OpenArray platform. Following missingness control and assessment of genotype distributions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the data were harmonized with the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 reference dataset. The population position of the local group was assessed using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. For each SNP, absolute differences in allele frequencies between the local group and the Eurasian reference superpopulations were calculated, and the closest reference superpopulation was identified. Statistical outliers were excluded using Tukey’s fences. A total of 55 SNPs were included in the further analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Principal component analysis showed that the local group occupied an intermediate position within the Eurasian genetic space, predominantly between the European and East Asian superpopulations. In hierarchical clustering, the local group was represented in all four clusters, with most individuals distributed between two clusters of mixed population composition. The allele frequency profile of the analyzed SNPs showed pronounced locus-dependent variability. For 29 of the 55 SNPs (52,7%), the absolute allele frequency difference from the closest reference superpopulation did not exceed 0,025, whereas for 12 variants (21,8%) it was greater than 0,05. The closest reference superpopulation was EAS for 19 SNPs, EUR for 18 SNPs, and SAS for 18 SNPs.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The findings are consistent with the established understanding of the admixed genetic structure of the Kazakh population and demonstrate locus-dependent mosaicism in the allele frequency profile for the analyzed SNP panel. The nearly equal distribution of similarity across the Eurasian reference superpopulations indicates that no single reference superpopulation is the closest to the local group across the entire panel of variants. That should be taken into account while transferring findings from genome-wide association studies, applying polygenic risk scores, and planning medical genetic studies.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>колоректальный рак</kwd><kwd>однонуклеотидные полиморфизмы</kwd><kwd>аллельные частоты</kwd><kwd>казахская популяция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>colorectal cancer</kwd><kwd>single-nucleotide polymorphisms</kwd><kwd>allele frequencies</kwd><kwd>Kazakh population</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sung H., Filho A.M., Laversanne M. Global cancer statistics 2024: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 34 cancers in 186 countries. CA A Cancer J. Clinicians. 2026; 76 (4): e70090. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.70090</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sung H., Filho A.M., Laversanne M. 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