<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medecol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина и экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medicine and ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-6045</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-6053</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Карагандинский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59598/ME-2305-6053-2026-120-3-68-81</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medecol-1377</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ACE2-центрированная продольная динамика компонентов комплемента и гипоксия-ассоциированных биомаркеров при длительном COVID</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>ACE2-centered longitudinal dynamics of complement and hypoxia-related biomarkers in long COVID</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ваджди</surname><given-names>Л. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vajdi</surname><given-names>L. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лия Нурлановна Ваджди </p><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">liya.vajdi.neurologist@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyuyev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Понамарёва</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponamareva</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ваджди</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vajdi</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>415000, провинция Хунань, г. Чандэ, Дорога Дунтин, 3150</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>415000, Hunan Province, Changde c., Dongting Road, 3150</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">service@sicas.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>NC JSC «Karaganda Medical University»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Международный колледж Хунаньского университета искусств и наук</institution><country>Китай</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>International College, Hunan University of Arts and Science</institution><country>China</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>68</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ваджди Л.Н., Клюев Д.А., Понамарёва О.А., Ваджди А.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ваджди Л.Н., Клюев Д.А., Понамарёва О.А., Ваджди А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vajdi L.N., Klyuyev D.A., Ponamareva O.A., Vajdi A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1377">https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1377</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Изучить связь исходного уровня ACE2 и его изменений в динамике с изменениями уровней компонентов комплемента C3 и C4 и гипоксия-ассоциированного биомаркера HIF-1α в период с 3 по 6 месяц после инфекции SARS-CoV-2.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В проспективное продольное наблюдательное исследование были включены 69 пациентов, у которых образцы плазмы крови были получены через 3 и 6 мес. после COVID-19. Концентрации ACE2, C3, C4 и HIF-1α в плазме определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Изменения показателей в динамике оценивали с использованием методов анализа парных данных и моделей смешанных эффектов со случайным интерсептом. Дополнительный анализ включал в себя регрессионные модели с поправкой на исходные значения, анализ взаимосвязей между изменениями показателей, корреляционный анализ Пирсона и Спирмена, а также оценку траекторий ACE2. Устойчивость результатов проверяли с использованием исходных и логарифмически преобразованных значений, анализа влиятельных наблюдений, альтернативных пороговых значений траекторий и исследовательских нелинейных моделей ACE2. Для заранее определенных групп гипотез применяли коррекцию на множественные сравнения с контролем частоты ложных открытий (FDR).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. В период с 3 по 6 месяц ACE2, C3, C4 и HIF-1α демонстрировали различную динамику. Характер взаимодействия времени и исходного уровня ACE2 различался для трех биомаркеров: наиболее выраженный сигнал связи с ACE2 наблюдался для C4, затем для C3 и HIF-1α. Хотя после FDR-коррекции линейные эффекты взаимодействия не сохраняли статистической значимости, дополнительные анализы с поправкой на исходные значения и анализ изменений показателей указывали на различия между динамикой компонентов системы комплемента и гипоксияассоциированного биомаркера. Анализ чувствительности показал, что наиболее выраженные признаки сложной, в том числе нелинейной, связи с ACE2 характерны для C4, тогда как HIF-1α демонстрировал выраженные изменения во времени при сравнительно слабой связи с ACE2.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Компоненты системы комплемента и гипоксия-ассоциированный биомаркер HIF-1α характеризовались различной динамикой и неодинаковой связью с ACE2 в период восстановления после длительного COVID. Наиболее выраженные признаки потенциально сложной связи с ACE2 были выявлены для C4, тогда как C3 и HIF-1α демонстрировали иные варианты динамики. Результаты свидетельствуют о том, что изменения биомаркеров в постковидный период зависят от конкретного биологического пути и не могут быть полностью объяснены единым линейным ACE2-центрированным механизмом.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To characterize the longitudinal relationships of baseline ACE2 and within-patient ACE2 change with complement components C3 and C4 and the hypoxia-related biomarker HIF-1α between 3 and 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. This prospective longitudinal observational study included 69 patients with paired plasma samples collected at 3 and 6 months after COVID-19. Plasma concentrations of ACE2, C3, C4, and HIF-1α were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Longitudinal changes were evaluated using paired analyses and random-intercept mixed-effects models. Secondary analyses included baseline-adjusted regression, change-score associations, Pearson and Spearman correlations, and ACE2 trajectory evaluation. Robustness was assessed using raw and log-transformed variables, influential-observation analyses, alternative trajectory thresholds, and exploratory nonlinear ACE2 models. False-discovery-rate correction was applied to prespecified hypothesis families.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. ACE2, C3, C4, and HIF-1α showed distinct longitudinal patterns between 3 and 6 months. Time-by-baseline-ACE2 interactions differed across the three biomarkers, with C4 showing the strongest ACE2-related signal, followed by C3 and HIF-1α. Although the linear interaction terms did not remain statistically significant after false-discovery-rate correction, complementary baseline-adjusted and change-score analyses indicated differentiated complement and hypoxia-related responses. Sensitivity analyses identified C4 as the leading candidate for a complex ACE2-associated longitudinal pattern, including evidence of nonlinearity, whereas HIF-1α showed pronounced temporal change with comparatively limited ACE2-centered association.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Complement and hypoxia-related biomarkers displayed distinct longitudinal behavior in relation to ACE2 during long COVID recovery. C4 showed the most prominent evidence of a potentially complex ACE2-associated pattern, while C3 and HIF-1α demonstrated different longitudinal profiles. These findings indicate that post-COVID biomarker evolution is pathway specific and cannot be fully represented by a single uniform linear ACE2-centered mechanism.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ACE2</kwd><kwd>C3</kwd><kwd>C4</kwd><kwd>HIF-1α</kwd><kwd>система комплемента</kwd><kwd>гипоксический сигналинг</kwd><kwd>длительный COVID</kwd><kwd>продольный анализ</kwd><kwd>модель смешанных эффектов</kwd><kwd>динамика биомаркеров</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ACE2</kwd><kwd>C3</kwd><kwd>C4</kwd><kwd>HIF-1α</kwd><kwd>complement system</kwd><kwd>hypoxia signaling</kwd><kwd>long COVID</kwd><kwd>longitudinal    analysis</kwd><kwd>mixed-effects model</kwd><kwd>biomarker dynamics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nalbandian A., Sehgal K., Gupta A., et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat. Med. 2021; 27 (4): 601-615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-02101283-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nalbandian A., Sehgal K., Gupta A., et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat. Med. 2021; 27 (4): 601-615. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-02101283-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis H.E., McCorkell L., Vogel J.M., Topol E.J. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2023; 21 (3): 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis H.E., McCorkell L., Vogel J.M., Topol E.J. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2023; 21 (3): 133-146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. The Lancet. 2023; 401 (10393): e21-e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00810-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. The Lancet. 2023; 401 (10393): e21-e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00810-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thaweethai T., Donohue S.E., Martin J.N., et al. Long COVID trajectories in the prospectively followed RECOVER-Adult US cohort. Nature Communications. 2025; 16 (1): 9557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65239-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thaweethai T., Donohue S.E., Martin J.N., et al. Long COVID trajectories in the prospectively followed RECOVER-Adult US cohort. Nature Communications. 2025; 16 (1): 9557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65239-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans R.A., McAuley H., Harrison E.M., et al. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2021; 9 (11): 1275-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans R.A., McAuley H., Harrison E.M., et al. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2021; 9 (11): 1275-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lowenstein C.J., Solomon S.D. Severe COVID-19 is a microvascular disease. Circulation. 2020; 142 (17): 1609-1611. https://doi.org/10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lowenstein C.J., Solomon S.D. Severe COVID-19 is a microvascular disease. Circulation. 2020; 142 (17): 1609-1611. https://doi.org/10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nehme M., Braillard O., Chappuis F., et al. The chronification of post-COVID condition associated with neurocognitive symptoms, functional impairment and increased healthcare utilization. Scientific Reports. 2022; 12: 14505. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18673-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nehme M., Braillard O., Chappuis F., et al. The chronification of post-COVID condition associated with neurocognitive symptoms, functional impairment and increased healthcare utilization. Scientific Reports. 2022; 12: 14505. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18673-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aid M., Boero-Teyssier V., McMahan K., et al. Long COVID involves activation of proinflammatory and immune exhaustion pathways. Nature Immunology. 2026; 27 (1): 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02353-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aid M., Boero-Teyssier V., McMahan K., et al. Long COVID involves activation of proinflammatory and immune exhaustion pathways. Nature Immunology. 2026; 27 (1): 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02353-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffmann M., Kleine-Weber H., Schroeder S., et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020; 181 (2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffmann M., Kleine-Weber H., Schroeder S., et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020; 181 (2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camargo S.M.R., Vuille-dit-Bille R.N., Meier C.F., Verrey F. ACE2 and gut amino acid transport. Clinical Science. 2020; 134 (21): 2823-2833. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20200477</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camargo S.M.R., Vuille-dit-Bille R.N., Meier C.F., Verrey F. ACE2 and gut amino acid transport. Clinical Science. 2020; 134 (21): 2823-2833. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20200477</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou P., Yang X.L., Wang X.G., et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579 (7798): 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou P., Yang X.L., Wang X.G., et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; 579 (7798): 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos R.A.S., Sampaio W.O., Alzamora A.C., et al. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS axis of the renin-angiotensin system: focus on Angiotensin-(1–7). Physiological Reviews. 2018; 98 (1): 505-553. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos R.A.S., Sampaio W.O., Alzamora A.C., et al. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS axis of the renin-angiotensin system: focus on Angiotensin-(1–7). Physiological Reviews. 2018; 98 (1): 505-553. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00023.2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Java A., Apicelli A.J., Liszewski M.K., et al. The complement system in COVID-19: friend and foe? JCI Insight. 2020; 5 (15): e140711. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.140711</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Java A., Apicelli A.J., Liszewski M.K., et al. The complement system in COVID-19: friend and foe? JCI Insight. 2020; 5 (15): e140711. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.140711</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Risitano A.M., Mastellos D.C., Huber-Lang M., et al. Complement as a target in COVID-19? Nature Reviews Immunology. 2020; 20: 343-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Risitano A.M., Mastellos D.C., Huber-Lang M., et al. Complement as a target in COVID-19? Nature Reviews Immunology. 2020; 20: 343-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0320-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ricklin D., Reis E.S., Lambris J.D. Complement in disease: a defence system turning offensive. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2016; 12 (7): 383-401. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.70</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ricklin D., Reis E.S., Lambris J.D. Complement in disease: a defence system turning offensive. Nature Reviews Nephrology. 2016; 12 (7): 383-401. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.70</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semenza G.L. Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine. Cell. 2012; 148 (3): 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semenza G.L. Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine. Cell. 2012; 148 (3): 399-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palazón A., Goldrath A.W., Nizet V., Johnson R.S. HIF transcription factors, inflammation, and immunity. Immunity. 2014; 41 (4): 518-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palazón A., Goldrath A.W., Nizet V., Johnson R.S. HIF transcription factors, inflammation, and immunity. Immunity. 2014; 41 (4): 518-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Su Y., Yuan D., Chen D.G., et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell. 2022; 185 (5): 881-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Su Y., Yuan D., Chen D.G., et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell. 2022; 185 (5): 881-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doykov I., Hällqvist J., Gilmour K.C., et al. ‘The long tail of COVID-19’ – the detection of a prolonged inflammatory response after a SARSCoV-2 infection in asymptomatic and mildly affected patients. F1000Research. 2021; 9: 1349. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27287.2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doykov I., Hällqvist J., Gilmour K.C., et al. ‘The long tail of COVID-19’ – the detection of a prolonged inflammatory response after a SARSCoV-2 infection in asymptomatic and mildly affected patients. F1000Research. 2021; 9: 1349. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27287.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Y., Cai C., Adamo S., et al. Identification of soluble biomarkers that associate with distinct manifestations of long COVID. Nature Immunology. 2025; 26 (5): 692-705. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02135-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Y., Cai C., Adamo S., et al. Identification of soluble biomarkers that associate with distinct manifestations of long COVID. Nature Immunology. 2025; 26 (5): 692-705. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-025-02135-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vajdi L., Klyuyev D., Ponamareva O., Kulbayeva Z., Vajdi A., Hu B. Dynamic Neuroimmune– Endothelial Network Remodeling in Long COVID: A Longitudinal Multilayer Graph Analysis. COVID. 2026; 6: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid6070120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vajdi L., Klyuyev D., Ponamareva O., Kulbayeva Z., Vajdi A., Hu B. Dynamic Neuroimmune– Endothelial Network Remodeling in Long COVID: A Longitudinal Multilayer Graph Analysis. COVID. 2026; 6: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid6070120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guideline, 18 August 2023. – Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023: 186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guideline, 18 August 2023. – Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023: 186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benjamini Y., Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological). 1995; 57 (1): 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benjamini Y., Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological). 1995; 57 (1): 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA. 2013; 310 (20): 2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA. 2013; 310 (20): 2191-2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yanai H., Adachi H., Hakoshima M., Katsuyama H., Sako A. The significance of endothelial dysfunction in long COVID-19 for the possible future pandemic of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Biomolecules. 2024; 14 (8): 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080965</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yanai H., Adachi H., Hakoshima M., Katsuyama H., Sako A. The significance of endothelial dysfunction in long COVID-19 for the possible future pandemic of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Biomolecules. 2024; 14 (8): 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080965</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas D., Noishiki C., Gaddam S., et al. CCL2-mediated endothelial injury drives cardiac dysfunction in long COVID. Nature Cardiovascular Research. 2024; 3 (10): 1249-1265. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-024-00543-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas D., Noishiki C., Gaddam S., et al. CCL2-mediated endothelial injury drives cardiac dysfunction in long COVID. Nature Cardiovascular Research. 2024; 3 (10): 1249-1265. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44161-024-00543-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cervia-Hasler C., Brüningk S.C., Hoch T., et al. Persistent complement dysregulation with signs of thromboinflammation in active Long Covid. Science. 2024; 383 (6680): eadg7942. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg7942</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cervia-Hasler C., Brüningk S.C., Hoch T., et al. Persistent complement dysregulation with signs of thromboinflammation in active Long Covid. Science. 2024; 383 (6680): eadg7942. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg7942</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liew F., Efstathiou C., Fontanella S., et al. Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease. Nature Immunology. 2024; 25 (4): 607-621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-024-01778-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liew F., Efstathiou C., Fontanella S., et al. Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease. Nature Immunology. 2024; 25 (4): 607-621. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-024-01778-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceglarek L., Boyman O. Immune dysregulation in long COVID. Nature Immunology. 2024; 25: 587-589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-024-01795-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceglarek L., Boyman O. Immune dysregulation in long COVID. Nature Immunology. 2024; 25: 587-589. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-024-01795-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Notarte K.I., Catahay J.A., Velasco J.V., et al. Complement system dysregulation in the immunopathogenesis of long COVID: systematic evidence synthesis. Biomedicines. 2026; 14 (2): 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14020439</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Notarte K.I., Catahay J.A., Velasco J.V., et al. Complement system dysregulation in the immunopathogenesis of long COVID: systematic evidence synthesis. Biomedicines. 2026; 14 (2): 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14020439</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baillie K., Davies H.E., Keat S.B.K., et al. Complement dysregulation is a prevalent and therapeutically amenable feature of long COVID. Med. 2024; 5 (3): 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baillie K., Davies H.E., Keat S.B.K., et al. Complement dysregulation is a prevalent and therapeutically amenable feature of long COVID. Med. 2024; 5 (3): 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2024.01.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
