<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medecol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина и экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medicine and ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-6045</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-6053</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Карагандинский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59598/ME-2305-6053-2026-120-3-195-202</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medecol-1374</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ИЗ ПРАКТИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL CASES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Одномоментная реконструкция молочной железы с наложением профилактического лимфовенуляряного аностомоза у пациентки с раком молочной железы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Simultaneous breast reconstruction with the application of preventive lymphovenular anostomosis in a patient with breast cancer</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Әнапия</surname><given-names>Б. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Anapiya</surname><given-names>B. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>010000, г. Астана, ул. Керей и Жанибек ханов, 3/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>010000, Astana c., Kerey and Zhanibek khanov str., 3/2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alaydo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садвакасова</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadvakasova</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Асель Канатовна Садвакасова </p><p>010000, г. Астана, ул. Керей и Жанибек ханов, 3/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assel Kanatovna Sadvakasova </p><p>010000, Astana c., Kerey and Zhanibek khanov str., 3/2</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.sadvakassova@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дигай</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Digay</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>010000, г. Астана, ул. Керей и Жанибек ханов, 3/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>010000, Astana c., Kerey and Zhanibek khanov str., 3/2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерекеш</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yerekesh</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>010000, г. Астана, ул. Керей и Жанибек ханов, 3/2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>010000, Astana c., Kerey and Zhanibek khanov str., 3/2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Огизбаева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ogizbayeva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сектор реконструктивной хирургии, ТОО «Национальный научный онкологический центр»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Reconstructive Surgery Sector, LLP «National Scientific Oncological Center»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сектор опухолевой патологии молочной железы, ТОО «Национальный Научный Онкологический Центр»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Breast Tumor Pathology Sector, LLP «National Scientific Oncological Center»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра интенсивной терапии и скорой помощи, НАО «Карагандинский Медицинский университет»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, NC JSC «Karaganda Medical University»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>195</fpage><lpage>202</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Әнапия Б.Б., Садвакасова А.К., Дигай А.К., Ерекеш А.А., Огизбаева А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Әнапия Б.Б., Садвакасова А.К., Дигай А.К., Ерекеш А.А., Огизбаева А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Anapiya B.B., Sadvakasova A.K., Digay A.K., Yerekesh A.A., Ogizbayeva A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1374">https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1374</self-uri><abstract><p>Рак молочной железы (РМЖ) занимает лидирующую позицию среди всех онкологических заболеваний. Ежегодно регистрируется более 2,3 млн новых случаев, а смертность превышает 670 тыс. В Республике Казахстан заболеваемость неуклонно растет (в 2024 г. первичная заболеваемость составила 204,8 на 100 тыс. населения), при этом 94,3% случаев выявляются на I – II стадиях, а 82% заболевших составляют женщины активного трудоспособного возраста (до 65 лет), что подчеркивает социально-экономическую значимость сохранения качества жизни.</p><p>Радикальная мастэктомия остается стандартом хирургического лечения, обеспечивая онкологический радикализм. Однако потеря молочной железы (органа, определяющего женскую идентичность) приводит к психоэмоциональным расстройствам и социальной стигматизации. Одномоментная реконструкция имплантатом позволяет совместить радикализм и эстетику, улучшая психологическое состояние пациенток и снижая инвалидизацию. Ключевым фактором успеха является выбор фиксирующего материала для укрепления нижнего полюса имплантата. Именно от этого зависят частота и тяжесть осложнений (серома, инфекция, некроз кожного лоскута, капсулярная контрактура, потеря имплантата), достигающие 20-35%. Традиционная аксиллярная лимфодиссекция (АЛД) при оперативном лечении РМЖ ассоциирована с высоким риском лимфедемы (20-40%), что существенно влияет на качество жизни.</p><p>В статье описан клинический случай пациентки 34 лет с люминальным В, HER2/neu-отрицательным подтипом РМЖ, получавшей неоадъювантную химиотерапию. При хирургическом лечении проведена радикальная мастэктомия с одномоментной реконструкцией имплантом и сеткой, а также выполнена профилактическая лимфатическая реконструкция во время АЛД. Послеоперационный период протекал без осложнений, признаков лимфедемы в динамическом наблюдении (6 мес.) выявлено не было. Случай демонстрирует интеграцию современных подходов: пациентке было проведено оперативное вмешательство (подкожная радикальная мастэктомия с одномоментной реконструкцией имплантом, уклепление нижнего полюса импланта полипропиленовой сеткой, выполнение биопсии сигнального лимфоузла и интраоперационное стадирование (N-статуса) с  применением ICG-лимфографии), далее по показаниям была выполнена расширенная лимфодиссекция 1-3 порядка, одномоментное наложение лимфовенулярного анастомоза с целью профилактики лимфедемы.</p><p>Описанный комплексный подход в лечении пациенток с РМЖ важен для Республики Казахстан, где наблюдается рост числа молодых пациенток с РМЖ и ограничен доступ к реконструктивным и микрохирургическим технологиям.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Breast cancer (BC) occupies a leading position among all oncological diseases. More than 2.3 million new cases are registered annually, and the death rate exceeds 670 thousand. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the incidence is steadily increasing (in 2024, the primary incidence was 204.8 per 100,000 population), while 94.3% of cases are detected at stages I – II, and 82% of cases are women of active working age (up to 65 years), which emphasizes the socio-economic importance of maintaining the quality of life.</p><p>Radical mastectomy remains the standard of surgical treatment, ensuring oncological radicalism. However, the loss of the breast (the organ that defines female identity) leads to psychoemotional disorders and social stigmatization. Simultaneous implant reconstruction allows combining radicalism and aesthetics, improving the psychological state of patients and reducing disability. The key success factor is the choice of a fixing material to strengthen the lower pole of the implant. This is what determines the frequency and severity of complications (seroma, infection, necrosis of the skin flap, capsular contracture, implant loss), reaching 2035%. Traditional axillary lymphodissection (TAL) in the surgical treatment of breast cancer is associated with a high risk of lymphedema (20-40%), which significantly affects the quality of life.</p><p>The article describes a clinical case of a 34-year-old patient with luminal B, HER2/neu-negative subtype of BC, who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. During surgical treatment, a radical mastectomy with simultaneous reconstruction with an implant and mesh was performed, as well as preventive lymphatic reconstruction during TAL. The postoperative period was uneventful; the signs of lymphedema were observed dynamically (6 months) and were not revealed. The case demonstrates the integration of modern approaches: the patient underwent surgery (subcutaneous radical mastectomy with simultaneous reconstruction of the implant, fixation of the lower pole of the implant with a polypropylene mesh, biopsy of the signal lymph node and intraoperative staging (N-status) using ICG lymphography), then, according to the indications, an extended lymph dissection of 1-3 orders was performed, simultaneous application of lymphvenular anastomosis for the prevention of lymphedema.</p><p>The described comprehensive approach in the treatment of patients with breast cancer is important for the Republic of Kazakhstan, where there is an increase in the number of young patients with breast cancer and access to reconstructive and microsurgical technologies is limited.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>онкология</kwd><kwd>реконструкция молочной железы имплантом</kwd><kwd>лимфостаз</kwd><kwd>лимфовенулярный анастомоз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breast cancer</kwd><kwd>oncology</kwd><kwd>breast reconstruction by implant</kwd><kwd>lymphostasis</kwd><kwd>lymphovenular anastomosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Лечение онкологических пациентов в рамках итсследования осуществляется исключительно за счет государства. В период проведения исследования приобретение имплантов и сеток для осуществления оперативного вмешательства, описанного в приведенном клиническом наблюдении, осуществлялось в рамках Программно-целевого финансирования BR24992950-OT-24 «Создание и внедрение инновационных методик лечения онкологических заболеваний».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Breast cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Breast cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Global Cancer Observatory. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today/en/dataviz/tables?mode=cancer&amp;group_populations=1&amp;multiple_populations=1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International 	Agency 	for Research on Cancer (IARC). Global Cancer Observatory. https://gco.iarc.who.int/today/en/dataviz/tables?mode=cancer&amp;group_populations=1&amp;multiple_populations=1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Показатели онкологической службы Республики Казахстан за 2023 г. https://onco.kz/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/pokazateli_2023.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pokazateli 	onkologicheskoj 	sluzhby Respubliki Kazahstan za 2023 g. https://onco.kz/wpcontent/uploads/2024/10/pokazateli_2023.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dadashi N., Kamali M., Barasteh S. Death anxiety in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer Manag. 2025; 18 (1): e161805. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm-161805</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dadashi N., Kamali M., Barasteh S. Death anxiety in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer Manag. 2025; 18 (1): e161805. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm-161805</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pukancsik D., Kelemen P., Gulyás G., Újhelyi M., Kovács E., Éles K., Mészáros N., Kenessey I., Pálházi P., Kovács T., Kásler M., Mátrai Z. Clinical experiences with the use of ULTRAPRO® mesh in single-stage direct-to-implant immediate postmastectomy breast reconstruction in 102 patients: A retrospective cohort study. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017; 43 (7): 1244-1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2017.01.236</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pukancsik D., Kelemen P., Gulyás G., Újhelyi M., Kovács E., Éles K., Mészáros N., Kenessey I., Pálházi P., Kovács T., Kásler M., Mátrai Z. Clinical experiences with the use of ULTRAPRO® mesh in single-stage direct-to-implant immediate postmastectomy breast reconstruction in 102 patients: A retrospective cohort study. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017; 43 (7): 1244-1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2017.01.236</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiSipio T., Rye S., Newman B., Hayes S. Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14 (6): 500-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70076-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiSipio T., Rye S., Newman B., Hayes S. Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2013; 14 (6): 500-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70076-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makhnevych I., Fadl Elseed M.I.M., Musa I.M.A., Alblooshi J.J.S., Smetanina D., Tahsin F., Statsenko Y. Dynamics in Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Patients Following Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2025; 17 (19): 3108. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makhnevych I., Fadl Elseed M.I.M., Musa I.M.A., Alblooshi J.J.S., Smetanina D., Tahsin F., Statsenko Y. Dynamics in Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Patients Following Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel). 2025; 17 (19): 3108. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinelli M., Gerardi C., Lettieri E., Maioru M., Marone L., Bertoldi L., Navanteri G., Costantini M., Botti C., Pellini F. Comparison of Indocyanine Green with conventional tracers for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: A multidisciplinary evaluation of clinical effectiveness, safety, organizational and economic impact. PLoS One. 2024; 19 (8): e0309336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309336</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinelli M., Gerardi C., Lettieri E., Maioru M., Marone L., Bertoldi L., Navanteri G., Costantini M., Botti C., Pellini F. Comparison of Indocyanine Green with conventional tracers for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: A multidisciplinary evaluation of clinical effectiveness, safety, organizational and economic impact. PLoS One. 2024; 19 (8): e0309336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309336</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boccardo F., Casabona F., De Cian F., Friedman D., Villa G., Bogliolo S., Ferrero S., Murelli F., Campisi C. Lymphedema microsurgical preventive healing approach: a new technique for primary prevention of arm lymphedema after mastectomy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2009; 16 (3): 703-708. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-008-0270-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boccardo F., Casabona F., De Cian F., Friedman D., Villa G., Bogliolo S., Ferrero S., Murelli F., Campisi C. Lymphedema microsurgical preventive healing approach: a new technique for primary prevention of arm lymphedema after mastectomy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2009; 16 (3): 703-708. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-008-0270-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rochlin D.H., Coriddi M.R., Nelson J.A., Dayan J.H., Mehrara B.J. Immediate Lymphatic Reconstruction and the Current Value Problem. Ann. Surg. 2023; 277 (6): e1197-e1199. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000005814</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rochlin D.H., Coriddi M.R., Nelson J.A., Dayan J.H., Mehrara B.J. Immediate Lymphatic Reconstruction and the Current Value Problem. Ann. Surg. 2023; 277 (6): e1197-e1199. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000005814</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Logan Ellis H., Asaolu O., Nebo V., Kasem A. Biological and synthetic mesh use in breast reconstructive surgery: a literature review. World. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016; 14: 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-016-0874-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Logan Ellis H., Asaolu O., Nebo V., Kasem A. Biological and synthetic mesh use in breast reconstructive surgery: a literature review. World. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016; 14: 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-016-0874-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bekisz J.M., Salibian A.A., Frey J.D., Karp N.S. The use of mesh in direct-to-implant breast reconstruction – an assessment of short-term outcomes. Ann. Breast Surg. 2019; 3: 10. https://doi.org/10.21037/abs.2019.04.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bekisz J.M., Salibian A.A., Frey J.D., Karp N.S. The use of mesh in direct-to-implant breast reconstruction – an assessment of short-term outcomes. Ann. Breast Surg. 2019; 3: 10. https://doi.org/10.21037/abs.2019.04.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bucher F., Vogt P.M. The Failed Breast Implant in Postmastectomy Reconstruction: A Systematic Literature Review of Complications of Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2022; 88 (6): 695-703. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002980</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bucher F., Vogt P.M. The Failed Breast Implant in Postmastectomy Reconstruction: A Systematic Literature Review of Complications of Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2022; 88 (6): 695-703. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002980</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овчинникова И.В., Гимранов А.М., Тазиева Г.Р., Бусыгин М.А., Корунова Е.Г. Превентивное наложение лимфовенозных анастомозов при лечении рака молочной железы (методика LYMPHA). Хирургия. Журнал им. Н.И. Пирогова. 2024; 2: 42-47. https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia202402242</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovchinnikova 	I.V., 	Gimranov A.	M., Tazieva G.R., Busygin M.A., Korunova E.G. Preventivnoe nalozhenie limfovenoznyh anastomozov pri lechenii raka molochnoj zhelezy (metodika LYMPHA). Hirurgija. Zhurnal im. N.I. Pirogova. 2024; 2: 42-47. https://doi.org/10.17116/hirurgia202402242</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shima H., Kondo Y., Nakamura T., Kyuno D., Nishikawa N., Uno S., Noda A., Sato K., Wada A., Mizuguchi T. Reduction of seroma by pectoralis fascia dissection using an energy device in total mastectomy for breast cancer: An observational study. Mol. Clin. Oncol. 2026; 24 (2): 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2026.2923</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shima H., Kondo Y., Nakamura T., Kyuno D., Nishikawa N., Uno S., Noda A., Sato K., Wada A., Mizuguchi T. Reduction of seroma by pectoralis fascia dissection using an energy device in total mastectomy for breast cancer: An observational study. Mol. Clin. Oncol. 2026; 24 (2): 14. https://doi.\org/10.3892/mco.2026.2923</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
