medecolМедицина и экологияMedicine and ecology2305-60452305-6053Карагандинский медицинский университет10.59598/ME-2305-6053-2026-120-3-18-29medecol-1366Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫLITERATURE REVIEWSРоль клинических факторов, образа жизни и окружающей среды в развитии фрагментации ДНК сперматозоидовThe role of clinical factors, lifestyle, and the environment in the development of sperm DNA fragmentationШарапатовЕ. А.SharapatovY. A.

010000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

010000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a

mail@amu.kzЖанбырбекұлыУ.ZhanbyrbekulyU.

010000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

010000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a

mail@amu.kzОмарғалиА. Е.OmargaliA. E.

010000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

010000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a

mail@amu.kzМаженовА. Б.MazhenovA. B.

010000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

010000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a

mail@amu.kzАбдихалиевН. Е.AbdikhaliyevN. E.

010000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

010000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a

mail@amu.kzИзбасаровР. К.IzbasarovR. K.

010000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

010000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a

mail@amu.kzИбраевБ. С.IbrayevB. S.

Батыржан Сабырханұлы Ибраев

010000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49а

Batyrzhan Sabyrkhanuly Ibrayev

010000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a

batyrzhan95@gmail.comКафедра урологии и андрологии, НАО «Медицинский университет Астана»КазахстанDepartment of Urology and Andrology, NC JSC «Astana Medical University»KazakhstanДепартамент развития науки, НАО «Медицинский университет Астана»КазахстанDepartment of Science Development, NC JSC «Astana Medical University»Kazakhstan202612102026031829Copyright © Шарапатов Е.А., Жанбырбекұлы У., Омарғали А.Е., Маженов А.Б., Абдихалиев Н.Е., Избасаров Р.К., Ибраев Б.С., 20262026Шарапатов Е.А., Жанбырбекұлы У., Омарғали А.Е., Маженов А.Б., Абдихалиев Н.Е., Избасаров Р.К., Ибраев Б.С.Sharapatov Y.A., Zhanbyrbekuly U., Omargali A.E., Mazhenov A.B., Abdikhaliyev N.E., Izbasarov R.K., Ibrayev B.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1366

Фрагментация ДНК сперматозоидов является значимым функциональным показателем мужской фертильности, который дополняет стандартное исследование эякулята и отражает повреждение генетического материала гамет.

Цель литературного обзора – систематизировать современные данные о биологических, клинических, поведенческих и средовых факторах, ассоциированных с повышением фрагментации ДНК сперматозоидов.

Проанализированы руководства профессиональных обществ, систематические обзоры, метаанализы и ключевые оригинальные исследования, представленные в PubMed, Scopus и Web of Science. Рассмотрены нарушения ремоделирования хроматина, окислительный стресс, апоптоз и дефекты созревания сперматозоидов, а также влияние возраста, варикоцеле, воспаления, инфекций, метаболических расстройств, онкологических заболеваний, лихорадки, курения, алкоголя, ожирения, физической активности, полового воздержания, теплового воздействия и загрязнителей окружающей среды.

Наиболее последовательная связь с повышенной фрагментацией установлена для варикоцеле, выраженного окислительного стресса, курения, возраста и ряда токсических экспозиций. Гетерогенность лабораторных методов и пороговых значений ограничивает прямое сопоставление исследований. Клиническая интерпретация показателя должна учитывать метод анализа, анамнез пациента и совокупность модифицируемых факторов риска. Особое внимание уделено разграничению доказанных ассоциаций, вероятных механизмов и отдельных клинических предположений.

Sperm DNA fragmentation is an important functional marker of male fertility that complements conventional semen analysis and reflects damage to gamete genetic material.

This review aimed to summarize current evidence on biological, clinical, behavioral, and environmental factors associated with increased sperm DNA fragmentation. Professional guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and key original studies indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were analyzed. Chromatin remodeling disorders, oxidative stress, apoptosis, impaired sperm maturation, and the effects of age, varicocele, inflammation, infections, metabolic disorders, cancer, fever, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical activity, sexual abstinence, heat exposure, and environmental pollutants were considered.

The most consistent associations were identified for varicocele, severe oxidative stress, smoking, advanced age, and certain toxic exposures. Laboratory and threshold heterogeneity limits direct comparisons. Clinical interpretation should consider the analytical method, patient history, and modifiable risk factors.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.