<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medecol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина и экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medicine and ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-6045</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-6053</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Карагандинский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59598/ME-2305-6053-2026-119-2-115-124</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medecol-1341</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная морфо-функциональная оценка кожи при экземе и ксерозе: роль неинвазивной дерматоскопии и биоинженерных методов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative morpho-functional assessment of skin in eczema and xerosis: the role of non-invasive dermatoscopy and bioengineering methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибраева</surname><given-names>Т. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibrayeva</surname><given-names>T. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Торгын Берикжановна Ибраева</p><p>100000,  г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49a;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ibraeva.t@amu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жетписбаева</surname><given-names>З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jetpisbayeva</surname><given-names>Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49a</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нурмухамбетова</surname><given-names>А. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurmukhambetova</surname><given-names>A. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49a</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рамазанова</surname><given-names>Н. Ж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ramazanova</surname><given-names>N. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49a</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерболаткызы</surname><given-names>Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yerbolatkyzy</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100000, г. Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49a</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100000, Astana c., Beibitshilik str., 49a</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра дерматовенерологии и дерматокосметологии, НАО «Медицинский университет Астана»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of dermatovenerology and dermatocosmetology, NC JSC «Astana Medical University»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ибраева Т.Б., Жетписбаева З., Нурмухамбетова А.Т., Рамазанова Н.Ж., Ерболаткызы Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ибраева Т.Б., Жетписбаева З., Нурмухамбетова А.Т., Рамазанова Н.Ж., Ерболаткызы Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ibrayeva T.B., Jetpisbayeva Z., Nurmukhambetova A.T., Ramazanova N.Z., Yerbolatkyzy B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1341">https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1341</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Дерматоскопия и биоинженерные методы являются высокоценными неинвазивными диагностическими инструментами, используемыми для дифференциальной диагностики экземы и ксероза, часто имеющих схожие клинические признаки. Хотя обе патологии характеризуются сухостью кожи, их морфологическая и функциональная природа существенно различается.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Сравнительная характеристика дерматоскопических признаков и биофизических показателей экземы и ксероза, изучение морфофункциональных особенностей экземы и ксероза кожи и выявление объективных критериев дифференциальной диагностики этих патологий на основе дерматоскопических признаков и биофизических показателей (корнеометрия, себометрия, рН-метрия). </p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследовании приняли участие 32 пациента с экземой и 27 пациентов с ксерозом. Был применен комплексный диагностический подход: морфологические изменения изучались с помощью поляризованной дерматоскопии, а функциональное состояние кожи оценивалось посредством рН-метрии, корнеометрии (измерение влажности) и себометрии (оценка уровня липидов).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение. При дерматоскопии для экземы были характерны желтоватые чешуйки и беспорядочное расположение точечных сосудов, в то время как тонкие белые чешуйки и аваскулярный фон были основными маркерами ксероза. Функциональный анализ выявил значительно более низкие уровни гидратации кожи и липидов в группе ксероза, а также изменения значений рН поверхности кожи. Согласно индексу Юдена, аваскулярный фон, дефицит липидов и данные рНметрии имели наибольшее значение в уточнении диагноза ксероза.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы </title><p>Выводы . Сочетание дерматоскопии с результатами рН-метрии, корнеометрии и себометрии позволяет объективно оценить «кислотную мантию» и функциональное состояние кожи, обеспечивая тем самым высокоточную дифференциацию между экземой и ксерозом.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction </title><p>Introduction . Dermatoscopy and bioengineering methods are high-value non-invasive diagnostic tools used to differentiate between eczema and xerosis, which often present with similar clinical features. Although both pathologies are characterized by skin dryness, their morphological and functional natures differ significantly.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim </title><p>Aim . To comparatively characterize the dermatoscopic signs and biophysical indicators of eczema and xerosis, to study the morphofunctional features of eczema and skin xerosis and to identify objective criteria for the differential diagnosis of these pathologies based on dermatoscopic signs and biophysical indicators (corneometry, sebometry, pH-metry).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods </title><p>Materials and methods . The study involved 32 patients with eczema and 27 patients with xerosis. The comprehensive diagnostic approach was employed: morphological changes were examined using polarized dermatoscopy, while the functional state of the skin was assessed through pH-metry, corneometry (moisture measurement) and sebometry (lipid level evaluation).</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion </title><p>Results and discussion . In dermatoscopy, yellowish scales and an irregular arrangement of dotted vessels were characteristic for eczema, while thin white scales and an avascular background were the main markers for xerosis. Functional analysis revealed significantly lower skin hydration and lipid levels in the xerosis group, as well as changes in skin surface pH values. According to the Youden index, the avascular background, lipid deficiency, and pH-metric data had the highest value in clarifying the diagnosis of xerosis.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion </title><p>Conclusion . Combining dermoscopy with the results of pH-metry, corneometry, and sebumetry allowed for objective assessment of the «acid mantle» and the functional state of the skin, thereby enabling high-precision differentiation between eczema and xerosis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дерматоскопия</kwd><kwd>экзема</kwd><kwd>ксероз</kwd><kwd>биоинженерия</kwd><kwd>концентрация водородных ионов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dermatoscopy</kwd><kwd>eczema</kwd><kwd>xerosis</kwd><kwd>bioengineering</kwd><kwd>hydrogen ion concentration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwensen J.F.B., Quaade A.S., Simonsen A.B., Dietz J.B., Zachariae C., Johansen J.D. Hand eczema. Ugeskr. Laeger . 2025; 187 (14): V10240682. https://doi.org/10.61409/V10240682</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwensen J.F.B., Quaade A.S., Simonsen A.B., Dietz J.B., Zachariae C., Johansen J.D. Hand eczema. Ugeskr. Laeger . 2025; 187 (14): V10240682. https://doi.org/10.61409/V10240682</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tauber M., Bérard E., Lourari S., et al. Latent class analysis categorizes chronic hand eczema patients according to skin barrier impairment. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2020; 34 (7): 1529-1535. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tauber M., Bérard E., Lourari S., et al. Latent class analysis categorizes chronic hand eczema patients according to skin barrier impairment. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2020; 34 (7): 1529-1535. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sølberg J.B.K., Quaade A.S., Drici L., et al. The proteome of hand eczema assessed by tape stripping. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2023; 143 (8): 15591568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2022.12.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sølberg J.B.K., Quaade A.S., Drici L., et al. The proteome of hand eczema assessed by tape stripping. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2023; 143 (8): 15591568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2022.12.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tokura Y., Yunoki M., Kondo S., Otsuka M. What is «eczema»? J. Dermatol. 2025; 52 (2): 192-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.17439</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tokura Y., Yunoki M., Kondo S., Otsuka M. What is «eczema»? J. Dermatol. 2025; 52 (2): 192-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.17439</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krasteva M., Kehren J., Sayag M., Ducluzeau M.T., Dupuis M., Kanitakis J., Nicolas J.F. Contact dermatitis II. Clinical aspects and diagnosis. Eur. J. Dermatol. 1999; 9 (2): 144-159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasteva M., Kehren J., Sayag M., Ducluzeau M.T., Dupuis M., Kanitakis J., Nicolas J.F. Contact dermatitis II. Clinical aspects and diagnosis. Eur. J. Dermatol. 1999; 9 (2): 144-159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Apfelbacher C., Bewley A., Molin S., et al. Prevalence of chronic hand eczema in adults: a cross-sectional survey of over 60 000 respondents from the general population of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Br. J. Dermatol . 2025; 192 (6): 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljaf020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apfelbacher C., Bewley A., Molin S., et al. Prevalence of chronic hand eczema in adults: a cross-sectional survey of over 60 000 respondents from the general population of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK. Br. J. Dermatol . 2025; 192 (6): 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljaf020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yüksel Y.T., Thyssen J.P., Nørreslet L.B., Flachs E.M., Ebbehøj N.E., Agner T. A comparison between self-reported hand eczema and self-reported signs and symptoms of skin lesions indicating hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis . 2022; 87 (6): 528534. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.14183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yüksel Y.T., Thyssen J.P., Nørreslet L.B., Flachs E.M., Ebbehøj N.E., Agner T. A comparison between self-reported hand eczema and self-reported signs and symptoms of skin lesions indicating hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis . 2022; 87 (6): 528534. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.14183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gade A., Matin T., Rubenstein R. Xeroderma. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565884/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gade A., Matin T., Rubenstein R. Xeroderma. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565884/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parker J., Scharfbillig R., Jones S. Moisturisers for the treatment of foot xerosis: a systematic review. J. Foot Ankle Res. 2017; 10: 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-017-0190-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parker J., Scharfbillig R., Jones S. Moisturisers for the treatment of foot xerosis: a systematic review. J. Foot Ankle Res. 2017; 10: 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-017-0190-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Augustin M., Wilsmann-Theis D., Körber A., Kerscher M., Itschert G., Dippel M., Staubach P. Diagnosis and treatment of xerosis cutis a position paper. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 2019; 17 (7): 3-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13906</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Augustin M., Wilsmann-Theis D., Körber A., Kerscher M., Itschert G., Dippel M., Staubach P. Diagnosis and treatment of xerosis cutis a position paper. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 2019; 17 (7): 3-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.13906</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vestergaard C., Torrelo A., Christen-Zaech S. Clinical Benefits of Basic Emollient Therapy for the Management of Patients With Xerosis Cutis. Int. J. Dermatol. 2025; 64 (1): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ ijd.17792</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vestergaard C., Torrelo A., Christen-Zaech S. Clinical Benefits of Basic Emollient Therapy for the Management of Patients With Xerosis Cutis. Int. J. Dermatol. 2025; 64 (1): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/ ijd.17792</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moncrieff G., Cork M., Lawton S., Kokiet S., Daly C., Clark C. Use of Emollients in Dry ‐ Skin Conditions: Consensus Statement. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2013; 38 (3): 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.12104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moncrieff G., Cork M., Lawton S., Kokiet S., Daly C., Clark C. Use of Emollients in Dry ‐ Skin Conditions: Consensus Statement. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2013; 38 (3): 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/ ced.12104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pons-Guiraud A. Dry skin in dermatology: a complex physiopathology. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2007; 21 (2): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02379.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pons-Guiraud A. Dry skin in dermatology: a complex physiopathology. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2007; 21 (2): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02379.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korecka K., Pogorzelska-Dyrbuś J., Polańska A., Dańczak-Pazdrowska A., Lallas A. Magnified Dermoscopy in Skin Cancer and Infectious Skin Diseases. Medicina (Kaunas) . 2025; 61 (11): 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61111970</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korecka K., Pogorzelska-Dyrbuś J., Polańska A., Dańczak-Pazdrowska A., Lallas A. Magnified Dermoscopy in Skin Cancer and Infectious Skin Diseases. Medicina (Kaunas) . 2025; 61 (11): 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61111970</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campos-do-Carmo G., Ramos-e-Silva M. Dermoscopy: basic concepts. Int. J. Dermatol. 2008; 47 (7): 712-719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13654632.2008.03556.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campos-do-Carmo G., Ramos-e-Silva M. Dermoscopy: basic concepts. Int. J. Dermatol. 2008; 47 (7): 712-719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13654632.2008.03556.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crowther J.M. Method for quantification of oils and sebum levels on skin using the Sebumeter®. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2016; 38 (2): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12258</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crowther J.M. Method for quantification of oils and sebum levels on skin using the Sebumeter®. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2016; 38 (2): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12258</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gidado I.M., Nwokoye I.I., Triantis I.F., Qassem M., Kyriacou P.A. Multi-Modal Spectroscopic Assessment of Skin Hydration. Sensors (Basel). 2024; 24 (5): 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gidado I.M., Nwokoye I.I., Triantis I.F., Qassem M., Kyriacou P.A. Multi-Modal Spectroscopic Assessment of Skin Hydration. Sensors (Basel). 2024; 24 (5): 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boer M., Duchnik E., Maleszka R., Marchlewicz M. Structural and biophysical characteristics of human skin in maintaining proper epidermal barrier function. Adv. Dermatol. Allergol. 2016; 33 (1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2015.48037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boer M., Duchnik E., Maleszka R., Marchlewicz M. Structural and biophysical characteristics of human skin in maintaining proper epidermal barrier function. Adv. Dermatol. Allergol. 2016; 33 (1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2015.48037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhattacharya N., Sato W.J., Kelly A., Ganguli-Indra G., Indra A.K. Epidermal Lipids: Key Mediators of Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis. Trends. Mol. Med. 2019; 25 (6): 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2019.04.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhattacharya N., Sato W.J., Kelly A., Ganguli-Indra G., Indra A.K. Epidermal Lipids: Key Mediators of Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis. Trends. Mol. Med. 2019; 25 (6): 551-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2019.04.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinsen Ø., Grimnes S. LongTerm Effect of Some Skin Moisturizers. Open Dermatol. J. 2008; 2: 87-89. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874372200802010087</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinsen Ø., Grimnes S. LongTerm Effect of Some Skin Moisturizers. Open Dermatol. J. 2008; 2: 87-89. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874372200802010087</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnes T.M., Mijaljica D., Townley J.P., Spada F., Harrison I.P. Vehicles for Drug Delivery and Cosmetic Moisturizers: Review and Comparison. Pharmaceutics . 2021; 13 (12): 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnes T.M., Mijaljica D., Townley J.P., Spada F., Harrison I.P. Vehicles for Drug Delivery and Cosmetic Moisturizers: Review and Comparison. Pharmaceutics . 2021; 13 (12): 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13122012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lodén M., Hagforsen E., Lindberg M. The presence of body hair influences the measurement of skin hydration with the Corneometer. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1995; 75 (6): 449-450. https://doi.org/10.2340/0001555575449450</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lodén M., Hagforsen E., Lindberg M. The presence of body hair influences the measurement of skin hydration with the Corneometer. Acta Derm. Venereol. 1995; 75 (6): 449-450. https://doi.org/10.2340/0001555575449450</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ehlers C., Ivens U.I., Møller M.L., Senderovitz T., Serup J. Comparison of two pH meters used for skin surface pH measurement: the pH meter ‘pH900’ from Courage &amp; Khazaka versus the pH meter ‘1140’ from Mettler Toledo. Skin Res. Technol. 2001; 7 (2): 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.16000846.2001.70205.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehlers C., Ivens U.I., Møller M.L., Senderovitz T., Serup J. Comparison of two pH meters used for skin surface pH measurement: the pH meter ‘pH900’ from Courage &amp; Khazaka versus the pH meter ‘1140’ from Mettler Toledo. Skin Res. Technol. 2001; 7 (2): 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.16000846.2001.70205.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prakash C., Bhargava P., Tiwari S., Majumdar B., Bhargava R.K. Skin Surface pH in Acne Vulgaris: Insights from an Observational Study and Review of the Literature. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol. 2017; 10 (7): 33-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prakash C., Bhargava P., Tiwari S., Majumdar B., Bhargava R.K. Skin Surface pH in Acne Vulgaris: Insights from an Observational Study and Review of the Literature. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol. 2017; 10 (7): 33-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M. Skin physiology in men and women: in vivo evaluation of 300 people including TEWL, SC hydration, sebum content and skin surface pH. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2013; 35 (5): 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M. Skin physiology in men and women: in vivo evaluation of 300 people including TEWL, SC hydration, sebum content and skin surface pH. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2013; 35 (5): 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Errichetti E., Stinco G. Dermoscopy in General Dermatology: A Practical Overview. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016; 6 (4): 471-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-016-0141-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Errichetti E., Stinco G. Dermoscopy in General Dermatology: A Practical Overview. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2016; 6 (4): 471-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-016-0141-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Errichetti E., Stinco G. Dermoscopy in differential diagnosis of palmar psoriasis and chronic hand eczema. J. Dermatol. 2016; 43 (4): 423-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13142</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Errichetti E., Stinco G. Dermoscopy in differential diagnosis of palmar psoriasis and chronic hand eczema. J. Dermatol. 2016; 43 (4): 423-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.13142</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Errichetti E., Stinco G. Dermoscopy as a supportive instrument in the differentiation of the main types of acquired keratoderma due to dermatological disorders. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2016; 30 (6): e229-e231. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13566</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Errichetti E., Stinco G. Dermoscopy as a supportive instrument in the differentiation of the main types of acquired keratoderma due to dermatological disorders. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2016; 30 (6): e229-e231. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13566</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weisshaar E. Chronic Hand Eczema. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2024; 25 (6): 909-926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-024-00890-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weisshaar E. Chronic Hand Eczema. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2024; 25 (6): 909-926. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-024-00890-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thyssen J.P., Schuttelaar M.L.A., Alfonso J.H., et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2022; 86 (5): 357-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.14035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thyssen J.P., Schuttelaar M.L.A., Alfonso J.H., et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2022; 86 (5): 357-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.14035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuriyama S., Kasuya A., Fujiyama T., Tatsuno K., Sakabe J., Yamaguchi H., Ito T., Tokura Y. Leukoderma in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Dermatol. 2015; 42 (2): 215-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12746</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuriyama S., Kasuya A., Fujiyama T., Tatsuno K., Sakabe J., Yamaguchi H., Ito T., Tokura Y. Leukoderma in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Dermatol. 2015; 42 (2): 215-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12746</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu S.C., Lin C.L., Yu H.S. Dermoscopic assessment of xerosis severity, pigmentation pattern and vascular morphology in subjects with physiological aging and photoaging. Eur. J. Dermatol. 2019; 29 (3): 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2019.3555</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu S.C., Lin C.L., Yu H.S. Dermoscopic assessment of xerosis severity, pigmentation pattern and vascular morphology in subjects with physiological aging and photoaging. Eur. J. Dermatol. 2019; 29 (3): 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2019.3555</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molin S., Guttman-Yassky E., Thyssen J.P., Bewley A. Chronic Hand Eczema, Real World, and Patient Centricity: A Narrative Review. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2025; 105: adv42596. https://doi.org/10.2340/actadv.v105.42596</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molin S., Guttman-Yassky E., Thyssen J.P., Bewley A. Chronic Hand Eczema, Real World, and Patient Centricity: A Narrative Review. Acta Derm. Venereol. 2025; 105: adv42596. https://doi.org/10.2340/actadv.v105.42596</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weidinger S., Novak N. Hand eczema. Lancet . 2024; 404 (10470): 2476-2486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01810-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weidinger S., Novak N. Hand eczema. Lancet . 2024; 404 (10470): 2476-2486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01810-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grant L., Seiding Larsen L., Burrows K., et al. Development of a Conceptual Model of Chronic Hand Eczema (CHE) Based on Qualitative Interviews with Patients and Expert Dermatologists. Adv. Ther. 2020; 37 (2): 692-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01164-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grant L., Seiding Larsen L., Burrows K., et al. Development of a Conceptual Model of Chronic Hand Eczema (CHE) Based on Qualitative Interviews with Patients and Expert Dermatologists. Adv. Ther. 2020; 37 (2): 692-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-01164-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
