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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medecol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина и экология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medicine and ecology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2305-6045</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2305-6053</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Карагандинский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59598/ME-2305-6053-2026-119-2-54-62</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medecol-1336</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Амелобластома нижней челюсти: современные подходы к классификации, диагностике, хирургическому лечению и реконструкции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ameloblastoma of the mandible: current approaches to classification, diagnosis, surgical treatment and reconstruction</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Әлмұрат</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Almurat</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Молдағұлова</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moldagulova</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлов</surname><given-names>Г. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlov</surname><given-names>G. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennadiy Dmitriyevich Orlov</p><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o.gennadiy@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бердімұрат</surname><given-names>Р. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berdimurat</surname><given-names>R. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурзахметов</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Murzakhmetov</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>100008, Karaganda c., Gogolya str., 40</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айдосов</surname><given-names>М. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>100008, г. Караганда, ул. Гоголя, 40</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НАО «Карагандинский медицинский университет»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>NC JSC «Karaganda Medical University»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>НАО «Карагандинский медицинский университет»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Әлмұрат С.С., Молдағұлова А.К., Орлов Г.Д., Бердімұрат Р.Б., Мурзахметов Р.Н., Айдосов М.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Әлмұрат С.С., Молдағұлова А.К., Орлов Г.Д., Бердімұрат Р.Б., Мурзахметов Р.Н., Айдосов М.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Almurat S.S., Moldagulova A.K., Orlov G.D., Berdimurat R.B., Murzakhmetov R.N., Айдосов М.Р.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1336">https://medecol.qmu.kz/jour/article/view/1336</self-uri><abstract><p>Амелобластома наиболее клинически значимая доброкачественная эпителиальная одонтогенная опухоль, отличающаяся местно-агрессивным ростом и выраженной склонностью к рецидивированию. До 80% процентов новообразований локализуются в нижней челюсти, преимущественно в области моляров, угла и ветви. Цель обзора систематизировать современные данные о классификации, молекулярных основах, диагностике, хирургическом лечении и реконструкции нижней челюсти при амелобластоме. Поиск литературы проводился в базах данных PubMed, ScienceDirect, eLibrary и CyberLeninka по ключевым словам «амелобластома», «нижняя челюсть», «одонтогенные опухоли», «классификация ВОЗ», «BRAF», «рецидив», «резекция», «реконструкция нижней челюсти», «титановая пластина», «CAD/CAM»; отбирались систематические обзоры, метаанализы, оригинальные исследования, клинические наблюдения и фундаментальные руководства, преимущественно за период последних двух десятилетий; данные обобщались качественно (нарративный синтез).</p><p>В обзоре рассмотрены классификация опухоли согласно пятому изданию классификации опухолей головы и шеи Всемирной организации здравоохранения (2022 г.), молекулярно-генетические механизмы ее развития (нарушения сигнальных путей с участием генов BRAF и SMO), принципы лучевой диагностики с ведущей ролью конусно-лучевой компьютерной томографии, гистологические варианты и особые формы (уницистозная, десмопластическая, периферическая, метастазирующая), а также тактика хирургического лечения. Проанализированы данные о частоте рецидивов при органосохраняющих и радикальных вмешательствах, обоснована роль адекватных краёв резекции. Отдельно рассмотрены современные методы костной и аллопластической реконструкции нижней челюсти, включая реконструктивные титановые пластины, васкуляризированные лоскуты и индивидуальные титановые конструкции, изготавливаемые с применением цифрового проектирования и виртуального хирургического планирования. Сделан вывод о необходимости индивидуализированного подхода к диагностике, радикальному лечению и реконструкции.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ameloblastoma is the most clinically significant benign epithelial odontogenic tumour, characterised by locally aggressive growth and a marked tendency to recur; up to eighty percent of these tumours arise in the mandible, predominantly in the molar, angle and ramus regions.</p><p>The aim of this review was to systematise current data on the classification, molecular basis, diagnosis, surgical treatment and mandibular reconstruction of ameloblastoma.</p><p>The literature was searched in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, eLibrary and CyberLeninka databases using the keywords ameloblastoma, mandible, odontogenic tumours, recurrence and reconstruction; systematic reviews, meta-analyses, original studies, clinical observations and fundamental manuals, mainly from the last two decades, were selected and synthesised qualitatively.</p><p>The review addresses the classification of the tumour according to the fifth edition of the World Health Organization classification of head and neck tumours (2022), the molecular and genetic mechanisms of its development (alterations of signalling pathways involving the BRAF and SMO genes), the principles of radiological diagnosis with the leading role of cone-beam computed tomography, the histological variants and special forms (unicystic, desmoplastic, peripheral and metastasising), and the surgical treatment strategy. Data on recurrence rates after conservative and radical interventions are analysed, and the role of adequate resection margins is substantiated. Modern methods of bone and alloplastic reconstruction of the mandible are considered separately, including reconstruction titanium plates, vascularised flaps and custom-made titanium constructions manufactured using digital design and virtual surgical planning. It is concluded that an individualised approach to diagnosis, radical treatment and reconstruction is required.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>амелобластома</kwd><kwd>нижняя челюсть</kwd><kwd>одонтогенные опухоли</kwd><kwd>рецидив</kwd><kwd>реконструкция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ameloblastoma</kwd><kwd>mandible</kwd><kwd>odontogenic tumors</kwd><kwd>recurrence</kwd><kwd>reconstruction</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аржанцев А.П. Доброкачественные опухоли челюстей и их рентгеноскиалогические проявления. REJR . 2020; 10 (1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.21569/2222-74152020-10-1-27-42</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arzhancev A.P. Dobrokachestvennye opuholi cheljustej i ih rentgenoskialogicheskie projavlenija. 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